Acknowledgement
We want to thank Professor Doctor Ismail Reisli and Seyma Celikbilek Celik for their support during our studies in the immunology laboratory.
References
- Toth C, Lander J, Wiebe S. The prevalence and impact of chronic pain with neuropathic pain symptoms in the general population. Pain Med 2009; 10: 918-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00655.x
- Tian L, Ma L, Kaarela T, Li Z. Neuroimmune crosstalk in the central nervous system and its significance for neurological diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9: 155. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-9-155
- Calvo M, Dawes JM, Bennett DL. The role of the immune system in the generation of neuropathic pain. Lancet Neurol 2012; 11: 629-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70134-5
- Campbell JN, Meyer RA. Mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Neuron 2006; 52: 77-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.021
- Feldman EL, Callaghan BC, Pop-Busui R, Zochodne DW, Wright DE, Bennett DL, et al. Diabetic neuropathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5: 41. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0092-1
- Johnson RW, Rice AS. Clinical practice. Postherpetic neuralgia. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1526-33. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1403062
- Opstelten W, McElhaney J, Weinberger B, Oaklander AL, Johnson RW. The impact of varicella zoster virus: chronic pain. J Clin Virol 2010; 48 Suppl 1: S8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1386-6532(10)70003-2
- Hadley GR, Gayle JA, Ripoll J, Jones MR, Argoff CE, Kaye RJ, et al. Post-herpetic neuralgia: a review. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2016; 20: 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-016-0548-x
- Yawn BP, Saddier P, Wollan PC, St Sauver JL, Kurland MJ, Sy LS. A population-based study of the incidence and complication rates of herpes zoster before zoster vaccine introduction. Mayo Clin Proc 2007; 82: 1341-9. https://doi.org/10.4065/82.11.1341
- Drolet M, Brisson M, Schmader K, Levin M, Johnson R, Oxman M, et al. Predictors of postherpetic neuralgia among patients with herpes zoster: a prospective study. J Pain 2010; 11: 1211-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2010.02.020
- Bayat A, Burbelo PD, Browne SK, Quinlivan M, Martinez B, Holland SM, et al. Anti-cytokine autoantibodies in postherpetic neuralgia. J Transl Med 2015; 13: 333. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-015-0695-6
- Luchting B, Rachinger-Adam B, Heyn J, Hinske LC, Kreth S, Azad SC. Anti-inflammatory T-cell shift in neuropathic pain. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12: 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-014-0225-0
- Kiguchi N, Kobayashi D, Saika F, Matsuzaki S, Kishioka S. Pharmacological regulation of neuropathic pain driven by inflammatory macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18: 2296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18112296
- Zhu SM, Liu YM, An ED, Chen QL. Influence of systemic immune and cytokine responses during the acute phase of zoster on the development of postherpetic neuralgia. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2009; 10: 625-30. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B0920049
- Kim CF, Moalem-Taylor G. Interleukin-17 contributes to neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury in mice. J Pain 2011; 12: 370-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2010.08.003
- Hung AL, Lim M, Doshi TL. Targeting cytokines for treatment of neuropathic pain. Scand J Pain 2017; 17: 287-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.08.002
- Lees JG, Duffy SS, Perera CJ, Moalem-Taylor G. Depletion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells increases severity of mechanical allodynia and significantly alters systemic cytokine levels following peripheral nerve injury. Cytokine 2015; 71: 207-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2014.10.028
- Xing Q, Hu D, Shi F, Chen F. Role of regulatory T cells in patients with acute herpes zoster and relationship to postherpetic neuralgia. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305: 715-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-013-1367-0
- Ji RR, Chamessian A, Zhang YQ. Pain regulation by nonneuronal cells and inflammation. Science 2016; 354: 572-7. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8924
- Ren K, Dubner R. Interactions between the immune and nervous systems in pain. Nat Med 2010; 16: 1267-76. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2234
- Davoli-Ferreira M, de Lima KA, Fonseca MM, Guimaraes RM, Gomes FI, Cavallini MC, et al. Regulatory T cells counteract neuropathic pain through inhibition of the Th1 response at the site of peripheral nerve injury. Pain 2020; 161: 1730-43. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001879
- Moalem G, Xu K, Yu L. T lymphocytes play a role in neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury in rats. Neuroscience 2004; 129: 767-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.035
- Draleau K, Maddula S, Slaiby A, Nutile-McMenemy N, De Leo J, Cao L. Phenotypic identification of spinal cord-infiltrating CD4+ T lymphocytes in a murine model of neuropathic pain. J Pain Relief 2014; Suppl 3: 003.
- Sah DW, Ossipo MH, Porreca F. Neurotrophic factors as novel therapeutics for neuropathic pain. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003; 2: 460-72. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1107
- Kobayashi Y, Kiguchi N, Fukazawa Y, Saika F, Maeda T, Kishioka S. Macrophage-T cell interactions mediate neuropathic pain through the glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor ligand system. J Biol Chem 2015; 290: 12603-13. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M115.636506
- Kiguchi N, Kobayashi Y, Saika F, Sakaguchi H, Maeda T, Kishioka S. Peripheral interleukin-4 ameliorates inflammatory macrophage-dependent neuropathic pain. Pain 2015; 156: 684-93. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000097
- Hao S, Mata M, Glorioso JC, Fink DJ. HSV-mediated expression of interleukin-4 in dorsal root ganglion neurons reduces neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2006; 2: 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8069-2-6
- Sorge RE, Mapplebeck JC, Rosen S, Beggs S, Taves S, Alexander JK, et al. Different immune cells mediate mechanical pain hypersensitivity in male and female mice. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18: 1081-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4053
- Austin PJ, Kim CF, Perera CJ, Moalem-Taylor G. Regulatory T cells attenuate neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury and experimental autoimmune neuritis. Pain 2012; 153: 1916-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2012.06.005
- Langley RG, Elewski BE, Lebwohl M, Reich K, Griffiths CE, Papp K, et al. Secukinumab in plaque psoriasis--results of two phase 3 trials. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 326-38. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1314258
- Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, Haanpaa M, Hansson P, Jensen TS, et al. EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision. Eur J Neurol 2010; 17: 1113-e88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02999.x
- Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ, Freeman R, Horowitz M, Kempler P, et al. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 2285-93. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1303
- Kanazi G, Johnson R, Dworkin R. Treatment of postherpetic neuralgia-an update. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2000; 5: 250.
- Gulec H, Babayigit M, Kutuk S, Sahap M, Tutal Z, Kurtay A, et al. Combination treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia. J Contemp Med 2014; 4(2 EK): 100-37.
- Higa K, Noda B, Manabe H, Sato S, Dan K. T-lymphocyte subsets in otherwise healthy patients with herpes zoster and relationships to the duration of acute herpetic pain. Pain 1992; 51: 111-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(92)90015-4
- Asanuma H, Sharp M, Maecker HT, Maino VC, Arvin AM. Frequencies of memory T cells specific for varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus by intracellular detection of cytokine expression. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 859-66. https://doi.org/10.1086/315347
- Austin PJ, Moalem-Taylor G. The neuro-immune balance in neuropathic pain: involvement of inflammatory immune cells, immune-like glial cells and cytokines. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 229: 26-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.08.013
- Kohm AP, McMahon JS, Podojil JR, Begolka WS, DeGutes M, Kasprowicz DJ, et al. Cutting Edge: anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody injection results in the functional inactivation, not depletion, of CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells. J Immunol 2006; 176: 3301-5. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.176.6.3301
- Suntharalingam G, Perry MR, Ward S, Brett SJ, Castello-Cortes A, Brunner MD, et al. Cytokine storm in a phase 1 trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1018-28. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa063842
- Abdel-Moneim A, Bakery HH, Allam G. The potential pathogenic role of IL-17/Th17 cells in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101: 287-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.103
- Noma N, Khan J, Chen IF, Markman S, Benoliel R, Hadlaq E, et al. Interleukin-17 levels in rat models of nerve damage and neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 2011; 493: 86-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.079
- Kleinschnitz C, Hofstetter HH, Meuth SG, Braeuninger S, Sommer C, Stoll G. T cell infiltration after chronic constriction injury of mouse sciatic nerve is associated with interleukin-17 expression. Exp Neurol 2006; 200: 480-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.03.014