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The Korean Society of Phycology (한국조류학회(藻類))
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Direct release of embryonic sporophytes from adult Nereocystis luetkeana (Laminariales, Ochrophyta) in a high latitude estuary

  • Ulaski, Brian P. (College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks) ;
  • Konar, Brenda (College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks)
  • Received : 2020.11.08
  • Accepted : 2021.05.10
  • Published : 2021.06.15
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Abstract

Kelp life history pathways alternate between macroscopic sporophytes that produce spores and microscopic gametophytes that produce gametes. Occasionally, an alternative pathway is seen. This study examined the circumstances by which the high latitude estuarine bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, foregoes the "free-living microscopic stages by releasing embryonic sporophytes directly from sori. Sori were collected from adult N. luetkeana sporophytes from eight locations within Kachemak Bay, Alaska in 2018 and 2020 to examine spatial and temporal development of embryonic sporophytes on sori. Distinctions were made between sori collected from first-generation and overwintered adults to assess the influence of parental age on embryonic sporophyte release. Further distinctions were made between sori collected from attached and drifting individuals to assess the influence of the status of parental attachment to substrate on embryonic sporophyte release. Inspection of propagules released from sori after 48-h incubations indicated that embryonic sporophytes were occasionally released alongside viable spores. Though embryonic sporophytes were released from sori as early as spring, it was not evident that they were bound by seasonal or spatial limits. The percent of propagules that were embryonic sporophytes ranged from 0% to 100% but were not significantly different between first-generation and overwintered adults, nor were they different between attached and drifting individuals. Nevertheless, the characteristic of directly releasing embryonic sporophytes from adult sporophytes might have ecological advantages for N. luetkeana.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

We thank K. Iken for providing feedback on the manuscript. We are also thankful to S. Lindstrom for providing insight on kelp life history. Thank you to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/University of Alaska Fairbanks Kasitsna Bay Laboratory for field support. The research was sponsored by Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks (project R/101-12), with funds from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (grant NA18OAR4170078), and from the University of Alaska with funds appropriated by the state of Alaska. Additional support was provided by the Northern Gulf of Alaska Applied Research Award and the Robert and Kathleen Byrd Award.

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