Acknowledgement
The study was supported by Loma Linda University School of Dentistry Student Research Program.
References
- Lazarchik DA, Haywood VB. Use of tray-applied 10 percent carbamide peroxide gels for improving oral health in patients with special-care needs. J Am Dent Assoc 2010;141:639-646. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2010.0251
- Kwon SR, Wertz PW. Review of the mechanism of tooth whitening. J Esthet Restor Dent 2015;27:240-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12152
- Vaz MM, Lopes LG, Cardoso PC, Souza JB, Batista AC, Costa NL, Torres EM, Estrela C. Inflammatory response of human dental pulp to at-home and in-office tooth bleaching. J Appl Oral Sci 2016;24:509-517. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-775720160137
- Silva-Costa RSGD, Ribeiro AEL, Assuncao IV, Araujo Junior RF, Araujo AA, Guerra GCB, Borges BCD. In-office tooth bleaching with 38% hydrogen peroxide promotes moderate/severe pulp inflammation and production of ll-1β, TNF-β, GPX, FGF-2 and osteocalcin in rats. J Appl Oral Sci 2018;26:e20170367.
- Munro IC, Williams GM, Heymann HO, Kroes R. Tooth whitening products and the risk of oral cancer. Food Chem Toxicol 2006;44:301-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.07.012
- International Standard Organization. ISO Standards [Internet]. Geneva: International Standard Organization; c2021 [cited 2018 Nov 30]. Available from: https://www.iso.org/standards.html.
- International Organization for Standardization. ISO 28399 Dentistry - External tooth bleaching products. Geneva: International Standard Organization; 2021.
- Paravina RD, Perez MM, Ghinea R. Acceptability and perceptibility thresholds in dentistry: a comprehensive review of clinical and research applications. J Esthet Restor Dent 2019;31:103-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12465
- International Organization for Standardization. ISO/TR 28642 Dentistry - Guidance on colour measurement. Geneva: International Standard Organization; 2016.
- Kwon SR, Cortez E, Wang M, Jagwani M, Oyoyo U, Li Y. Systematic review of in vitro studies evaluating tooth bleaching efficacy. Am J Dent 2020;33:17-24.
- European Union. Council Directive 2011/84/EU of 20 September 2011 amending Directive 76/768/EEC, concerning cosmetic products, for the purpose of adapting Annex III thereto to technical progress. Off J Eur Union 2019;54:36-38.
- Greenwall-Cohen J, Francois P, Silikas N, Greenwall L, Le Goff S, Attal JP. The safety and efficacy of 'over the counter' bleaching products in the UK. Br Dent J 2019;226:271-276. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-019-0011-6
- Al-Omiri MK, Lamfon HA, Al Nazeh AA, Kielbassa AM, Lynch E. Randomized clinical trial on the comparison of bleaching outcomes using either ozone or hydrogen peroxide. Quintessence Int 2018;49:625-634.
- Santana MS, Bridi EC, Navarro RS, de Lima CJ, Fernandes AB, do Amaral FL, Franca FM, Turssi CP, Basting RT. Dental bleaching with ozone: effects on color and enamel microhardness. Acta Odontol Latinoam 2016;29:68-75.
- Aykut-Yetkiner A, Ertugrul F, Eden E, Aladag A, Ergin E, Ozcan M. Color assessment after bleaching with hydrogen peroxide versus ozone: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Gen Dent 2017;65:e12-e17.
- Saita M, Kobayashi K, Yoshino F, Hase H, Nonami T, Kimoto K, Lee MC. ESR investigation of ROS generated by H2O2 bleaching with TiO2 coated HAp. Dent Mater J 2012;31:458-464. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2011-192
- Chi C, Springer BN, Walemba E, Nick KE, Perry CC, Kwon SR. Titanium-oxide nanoparticles and nanofibers used alone or with UV light activation. CDA J 2019;47:777-782.
- Shellis RP. Effects of a supersaturated pulpal fluid on the formation of caries-like lesions on the roots of human teeth. Caries Res 1994;28:14-20. https://doi.org/10.1159/000261614
- Ontiveros JC, Paravina RD. Color change of vital teeth exposed to bleaching performed with and without supplementary light. J Dent 2009;37:840-847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2009.06.015
- Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage. Colorimetry-technical report. Vienna: Bureau Central de la CIE; 1986.
- Pascal C, Mehta P, Pascal J, Oyoyo U, Kwon S. A laboratory model to evaluate bleaching efficacy in stained vs non-stained human teeth. In: ADA Standards Committee on Dental Products and the U.S. Technical Advisory Group to the International Organization for Standardization Technical Committee 106 on Dentistry meeting; 2019 Jun 19; Vancouver, Canada.
- ADA Seal of Acceptance. Bleaching products [Internet]. Chicago, IL: American Dental Association; c2021 [cited 2020 Sep]. Available from: https://www.ada.org/en/science-research/ada-seal-of-acceptance/ada-seal-products/product-category?category=Bleaching+Products.
- Kinser PA, Robins JL. Control group design: enhancing rigor in research of mind-body therapies for depression. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:140467.
- Horwitz W. Good laboratory practices in analytical chemistry. Anal Chem 1978;50:521-524. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50027a001
- Kwon SR, Meharry M, Oyoyo U, Li Y. Efficacy of do-it-yourself whitening as compared to conventional tooth whitening modalities: an in vitro study. Oper Dent 2015;40:E21-E27. https://doi.org/10.2341/13-333-LR
- Allard MM, Merlos SN, Springer BN, Cooper J, Zhang GY, Boskovic DS, Kwon SR, Nick KE, Perry CC. Role of TiO2 anatase surface morphology on organophosphorus interfacial chemistry. J Phys Chem C 2018;122:29237-29248. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b08641