Nutrition Research and Practice

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
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Inadequate vitamin D intake among pregnant women in Malaysia based on revised recommended nutrient intakes value and potential dietary strategies to tackle the inadequacy

  • Lee, Siew Siew (Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)) ;
  • Subramaniam, Raman (Fetal Medicine and Gynaecology Centre (FMGC)) ;
  • Tusimin, Maiza (Prince Court Medical Centre) ;
  • Ling, King Hwa (Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)) ;
  • Rahim, Kartini Farah (Avisena Specialist Hospital) ;
  • Loh, Su Peng (Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM))
  • Received : 2020.01.29
  • Accepted : 2020.07.21
  • Published : 2021.08.01
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Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Recently, the recommended nutrient intakes (RNI) for vitamin D for Malaysian aged 1-70 yrs has been revised from 5 ㎍/day to 15 ㎍/day. This study is aimed to assess the adequacy of vitamin D intake based on revised RNI and to recommend several dietary strategies to increase total vitamin D intake. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Vitamin D intake from both food and supplement of 217 pregnant women was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Hypothetical effect of expanded supplementation and food fortifications strategies were modelled using the consumption data. RESULTS: The results revealed that more than half (67.7%) of pregnant women had inadequate vitamin D intake (RNI < 15 ㎍/day). The modelling results demonstrated the potential of universal provision of 10 ㎍/day of multivitamins supplements in increasing vitamin D intake. Moreover, mandatory fortification of both milk and malted drink at single level of 5 ㎍/serving would lead to increase in vitamin D intake of Malaysians, particularly pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of this study can be used as a reference for public health professionals to re-evaluate the existing Malaysian food fortification policies and supplementation recommendation for vitamin D for pregnant women.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

We are grateful to all women who participated in this study. We acknowledge the midwives at Hospital Serdang, Selangor for their assistance in data collection.

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