DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Phylogenetic and Morphological Characterization of Cladosporium perangustum Associated with Flyspeck on Shine Muscat Grapes in South Korea

  • Hassan, Oliul (Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Lim, Yang-Sook (Gyeongsangbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services) ;
  • Chang, Taehyun (Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University)
  • Received : 2020.08.23
  • Accepted : 2021.02.18
  • Published : 2021.04.30

Abstract

The Shine Muscat is a table grape, popular in South Korea for its unique mango-flavor taste. Flyspeck is a disease that is characterized by small, black, and circular specks on the grape cuticle was first observed in several commercial orchards in Sangju, South Korea, in August 2019. Here we identified the causal agent of flyspeck based on an advanced diagnosis approach, comprised of both morphological and molecular analyses. Morphological characteristics of the cultures isolated from grape flyspeck were identical to the fungus Cladosporium perangustum. The concatenated sequences of ITS, ACT, and EF1-α were used for molecular phylogenetic analysis, BLAST searches along with Bayesian inference-based phylogeny, confirmed that the causal agent of grape flyspeck is C. perangustum. The cultured fungal isolates also produced flyspeck symptoms on healthy fruits in pathogenicity tests. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first documented evidence of any Cladosporium sp. producing flyspeck symptoms on any plant.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

We would like to thank all the member of Plant Pathology Lab, Kyungpook National University for their help.

References

  1. Korea Rural Economic Institute (KREI). Agriculture in Korea. 2018. Available from: http://www.krei.re.kr/eng/index.do.
  2. Lim YS, Hassan O, Chang T. First report of anthracnose of shine muscat caused by Colletotrichum fructicola in Korea. Mycobiology. 2020;48(1):75-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2019.1697190
  3. Lim Y-S, Hassan O, Kim M-K, et al. First report of bunch rot caused by Aspergillus tubingensis of shine muscat grape in Korea. Plant Dis. 2019;103(11):2953-2953.
  4. Gao L, Zhang M, Zhao W, et al. Molecular and morphological analysis reveals five new species of Zygophiala associated with flyspeck signs on plant hosts from China. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e110717. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110717
  5. Williamson SM, Sutton TB. Sooty blotch and flyspeck of apple: etiology, biology, and control. Plant Dis. 2000;84(7):714-724. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.7.714
  6. Batzer JC, Mercedes Diaz Arias M, Harrington TC, et al. Four species of Zygophiala (Schizothyriaceae, Capnodiales) are associated with the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apple. Mycologia. 2008;100(2):246-258. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.100.2.246
  7. Bensch K, Groenewald JZ, Dijksterhuis J, et al. Species and ecological diversity within the Cladosporium cladosporioides complex (Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales). Stud Mycol. 2010;67:1-94. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim.2010.67.01
  8. White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, et al. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetic. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ, editors. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. San Diego (CA): Academic Press; 1990. p. 225-233.
  9. Carbone I, Kohn LM. A method for designing primer sets for speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes. Mycologia. 1999;91(3):553-556. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761358
  10. Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, et al. MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol. 2013;30(12):2725-2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
  11. Maddison WP, Maddison DR. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2.75; 2011. Available from: http://mesquiteproject.org.
  12. Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, et al. MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst Biol. 2012;61(3):539-542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
  13. Rambaut A, Drummond A. FigTree v1. 3.1: Tree figure drawing tool. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Edinburgh, UK, 2009. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.uk/software/figtree.
  14. Jang Y, Lee YM, Kim GH, et al. Two species of Cladosporium associated with wood discoloration in Korea. Mycotaxon. 2013;124(1):21-29. https://doi.org/10.5248/124.21
  15. Dugan FM, Schubert K, Braun U. Check-list of Cladosporium names. Schlechtendalia. 2004;11:1-103.
  16. Bensch K, Braun U, Groenewald JZ, et al. The genus Cladosporium. Stud Mycol. 2012;72(1):1-401. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0003
  17. Tashiro N, Noguchi M, Ide Y, et al. Sooty spot caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides in postharvest Satsuma mandarin grown in heated greenhouses. J Gen Plant Pathol. 2013;79(2):158-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-013-0430-1
  18. Kwon JH, Park K, Lee Y, et al. The occurrence of sooty mold of blueberry caused by Cladosporium sphaerospermum in Korea. J Agirc Life Sci. 2019;53(1):151-156. https://doi.org/10.14397/jals.2019.53.1.151
  19. Lu LM, Cheng BP, Pu ZX, et al. First report of Cladosporium perangustum causing leaf spot of Myrica rubra in China. Plant Dis. 2015;99(9):1283-1283.