DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Phenological growth stages of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) according to the extended BBCH scale

  • Kim, Yun-Soo (R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation) ;
  • Park, Chol-Soo (R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation) ;
  • Lee, Dong-Yun (R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation) ;
  • Lee, Joon-Soo (R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation) ;
  • Lee, Seung-Hwan (R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation) ;
  • In, Jun-Gyo (R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation) ;
  • Hong, Tae-Kyun (R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation)
  • Received : 2020.09.27
  • Accepted : 2020.12.23
  • Published : 2021.07.01

Abstract

Background: Phenological studies are a prerequisite for accomplishing higher productivity and better crop quality in cultivated plants. However, there are no phenological studies on Panax ginseng that improve its production yield. This study aims to redefine the phenological growth stages of P. ginseng based on the existing Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale and proposes a disease control reference. Methods: This study was conducted at the Korea Ginseng Corporation Experiment Station in Gyeonggi province, South Korea. Phenological observations were performed once weekly or twice monthly, based on the developmental stages. The existing BBCH scale with a three-digit code was used to redefine and update P. ginseng's phenological growth codes. Results: The phenological description is divided into eight principal growth stages: three for vegetative growth (perennating bud, aerial shoot, and root development), four for reproductive growth (reproductive organ development, flowering, fruit development, and fruit maturation), and one for senescence according to the extended BBCH scale. A total of 58 secondary growth stages were described within the eight principal growth stages. Under each secondary growth stage, four mesostages are also taken into account, which contains the distinct patterns of the phenological characteristics in ginseng varieties and the process of transplanting seedlings. A practical management program for disease control was also proposed by using the BBCH code and the phenological data proposed in this work. Conclusion: The study introduces an extended BBCH scale for the phenological research of P. ginseng.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like thank to the chief of KGC R&D headquarters, Dr. Chae-Kyu Park and the division director, Hee-Jun Ahn for supporting this work.

References

  1. Choi KT. Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of Korean Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008;29:1109-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00869.x
  2. Baeg IH, So SH. The world ginseng market and the ginseng (Korea). J Ginseng Res 2013;37:1-7. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2013.37.1
  3. Ginseng market growing at 4.8% CAGR to 2027 scrutinized in new research. Future Market Insights [internet]. 2019. Jan [cited 2019 Jan 8]. Availabel from: https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/01/08/1681920/0/en/ Ginseng-Market-Growing-at-4-8-CAGR-to-2027-Scrutinized-in-NewResearch.html.
  4. Zhang H, Abid S, Ahn JC, Mathiyalagan R, Kim YJ, Yang DC, Wang Y. Characteristics of Panax ginseng cultivars in Korea and China. Molecules 2020;25: 2635-53. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112635
  5. Punja ZK. American ginseng: research developments, opportunities, and challenges. J Ginseng Res 2011;35:368-74. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2011.35.3.368
  6. Arik M, Gao Y, Graves B. Implications of changing supply chain dynamics of global ginseng trade: a pilot study. J Strat Innov Sustain 2020;15:73-92.
  7. Proctor JTA, Lee JC, Lee S-S. Ginseng production in Korea. HortScience 1990;25:746-50. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.25.7.746
  8. Cho DH, Park KJ, Yu YH, Ohh SH, Lee HS. Root-rot development of 2-year old ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans (zinssm.) scholten in the continuous cultivation field. Korean J Ginseng Sci 1995;19:175-80.
  9. Souther S, McGraw JB. Vulnerability of wild American ginseng to an extreme early spring temperature fluctuation. Popul Ecol 2010;53:119-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-010-0218-5
  10. Koch E, Bruns E, Chmielewski FM, Defila C, Lipa W, Menzel A. Guidelines for plant phenological observations. Geneva, Switzerland: World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme; 2007. p. 1-39.
  11. Lancashire PD, Bleiholder H, van den Boom T, Langeluddeke P, Stauss R, Weber E, Witzenberger A. A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds. Ann Appl Biol 1991;119:561-601. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb04895.x
  12. Meier U, Bleiholder H, Buhr L, Feller C, Hack H, Hess M, Lancashire PD, Schnock U, Staub R, van den Boom T, et al. The BBCH system to coding the phenological growth stages of plants e history and publications. J Kulturpflanzen 2009;61:41-52.
  13. Atay E. Phenological stages of medlar (Mespilus germanica L. 'Istanbul') according to the BBCH scale. J Biol Environ Sci 2013;7:103-7.
  14. Martinelli T, Andrzejewska J, Salis M, Sulas L. Phenological growth stages of Silybum marianum according to the extended BBCH scale. Ann Appl Biol 2015;166:53-66. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12163
  15. Proctor JTA, Dorais M, Bleiholder H, Willis A, Hack H, Meier V. Phenological growth stages of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Ann Appl Biol 2003;143:311-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2003.tb00299.x
  16. Rajan S, Tiwari D, Singh VK, Saxena P, Singh S, Reddy YTN, Upreti KK, Burondkar MM, Bhagwan A, Kennedy R. Application of extended BBCH scale for phenological studies in mango (Mangifera indica L.). J Appl Hortic 2011;13: 108-14. https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2011.v13i02.25
  17. Lee JC, Ahn DJ, Byen JS, Cheon SK, Kim CS. Effect of seeding rate on growth and yield of ginseng plant in direct-sowing culture. J Ginseng Res 1998;22: 299-303.
  18. Ahn SD, Kim YT. Study on the formation of dormancy bud and inflorescence in young ginseng plant. Korean J Ginseng Sci 1987;11:111-7.
  19. Kim YC, Kim JU, Bae BS, Kang JY, Kim DH, Hyun DY, Lee JS. Distribution of stem vestige according to ginseng cultivars and determination of root age by ginsenoside type of red ginseng. Korean J Medicinal Crop Sci 2017;25:217-23. https://doi.org/10.7783/KJMCS.2017.25.4.217
  20. Chung CM, Lim HB, Lee Y, Chung YY, Jun BR. Developmental pathway of main bud in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. J Ginseng Res 2009;33:189-93. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2009.33.3.189
  21. Fiebig AE, Proctor JTA, Posluszny U, Murr DP. The North American ginseng inflorescence: development, floret abscission zone, and the effect of ethylene. Can J Bot 2001;79:1048-56. https://doi.org/10.1139/b01-074
  22. Choe GT, Lee J-H, Cheon S-R. Studies on the variation of flowering date in Korean ginseng plants. J Ginseng Sci 1979;3:35-9.
  23. Proctor JTA, Louttit D. Stratification of American ginseng seed: embryo growth and temperature. Korean J Ginseng Sci 1995;19:171-4.
  24. Proctor JTA, Percival DC, Louttit D. Inflorescence removal affects root yield of American ginseng. Hortic Sci 1999;34:82-4.
  25. Lee J-H, Lee J-S, Kwon W-S, Kang J-Y, Lee D-Y, In J-G, Kim Y-S, Seo J, Baeg I-H, Chang I-M, et al. Characteristic of Korean ginseng varieties of gumpoong, sunun, sunpoog, sunone, cheongsun, and sunhyang. J Ginseng Res 2015;39: 94-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2014.06.007
  26. Chmielewski M. Phenology and agriculture. In: Schwartz MD, editor. Phenology: an integrative environmental science. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher; 2003. p. 505-22.
  27. Tooley PW, Browning M, Kyde KL, Berner D. Effect of temperature and moisture period on infection of Rhododendron 'Cunningham's White' by Phytophthora ramorum. Phytopathology 2009;99:1045-52. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-99-9-1045
  28. Madden LV. Effects of rain on splash dispersal of fungal pathogens. Can J Plant Pathol 1997;19:225-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060669709500557

Cited by

  1. Phenological Assessment for Agronomic Suitability of Some Agastache Species Based on Standardized BBCH Scale vol.11, pp.11, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112280