Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety (해양환경안전학회지)

The Korean Society of Marine Environment and safety (해양환경안전학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Strategies for Response and Mitigation of Marine Environmental Damage Caused by Plastic Debris

  • Lee, Jungsub (School of the Environment, Washington State University)
  • Received : 2021.04.05
  • Accepted : 2021.05.28
  • Published : 2021.05.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Environmental damage caused by marine plastic debris occurs and has become a major contributor to marine pollution. This study analyzed the current state of marine plastic debris pollution and proposed essential strategies to reduce damage. To assess the current state of pollution arising from marine plastic debris, this study investigated the properties of plastic debris, reviewed case studies of ecological impacts, and examined the inflow and distribution of marine plastic debris. The results of this study indicate that the major deleterious effects of marine plastics are entanglement and ingestion. In addition, the amount of plastic waste entering the sea was estimated to be 230 Mt in 2015 and may increase to 554 Mt in 2050. In this study, three key strategies were proposed to reduce damage and preserve the ecosystem, including: 1) removing plastic debris in the marine environment, 2) limiting the release of plastic debris to the marine environment, and 3) preventing damage to humans and marine life from plastic debris. To minimize the environmental damage caused by marine plastic debris, the proposed response strategies should be implemented in parallel.

Keywords

References

  1. Allen, R., D. Jarvis, S. Sayer, and C. Mills(2012), Entanglement of grey seals Halichoerus grypus at a haul out site in Cornwall, UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 64, Issue 12, pp. 2815-2819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.09.005
  2. Arnould, J. P. Y. and J. P. Croxall(1995), Trends in entanglement of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) in man-made debris at South Georgia, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 30, Issue 11, pp. 707-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(95)00054-Q
  3. Azzarello, M. Y. and E. S. Van Vleet(1987), Marine birds and plastic pollution, Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 37, pp. 295-303. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps037295
  4. Bugoni, L., L. Krause, and M. V. Petry(2001), Marine debris and human impact on sea turtles in southern Brazil, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 42, Issue 12, pp. 1330-1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00147-3
  5. Day, R. H., D. H. Wehle, and F. C. Coleman(1985), Ingestion of plastic pollutants by marine birds. Pages 344-386 in Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris. R. S. Shomura and H. O. Yoshida, editor. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS series, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
  6. Derraik, J. G. B.(2002), The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 44, Issue 9, pp. 842-852. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5
  7. Eriksen, M., L. C. M. Lebreton, H. S. Carson, M. Thiel, C. J. Moore, J. C. Borerro, F. Galgani, P. G. Ryan, and J. Reisser(2014), Plastic pollution in the world's oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea, PLoS ONE 9(12), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111913 (Accessed 22 Mar 2020).
  8. GESAMP(2015), Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: a global assessment, International Maritime Organization, GESAMP Reports & Studies Series 90, London, UK.
  9. GESAMP(2020), GESAMP homepage, http://www.gesamp.org (Accessed 12 Mar 2020).
  10. Geyer, R., J. R. Jambeck, and K. L. Law(2017), Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made, Science Advance, Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 1-5.
  11. Ivar do Sul, J. A. and M. F. Costa(2014), The present and future of microplastic pollution in the marine environment, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 185, pp. 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.036
  12. Jambeck, J. R., R. Geyer, C. Wileox, T. R. Siegler, M. Perryman, A. Andrady, R. Narayan, and K. L. Law(2015), Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean, Science, Vol. 347, Issue 6223, pp. 768-771. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260352
  13. Kershaw, P. and L. C. M. Lebreton(2016), Floating plastic debris. Pages 153-163 in IOC-UNESCO and UNEP. Large marine ecosystems: status and trends. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya.
  14. Kuhn, S., E. L. B. Rebolledo, and J. A. van Franeker(2015), Deleterious effects of litter on marine Life. Pages 75-116 in M. Bergmann, L. Gutow, and M. Klages, editors. Marine anthropogenic litter. Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Bremerhaven, Germany.
  15. Laist, D. W.(1997), Impacts of marine debris: Entanglement of marine life in marine debris including a comprehensive list of species with entanglement and ingestion records. Springer, Springer Series on Environmental Management, New York, USA.
  16. Lebreton, L. C. M., S. D. Greer, and J. C. Borrero(2012), Numerical modelling of floating debris in the world's oceans, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 64, Issue 3, pp. 653-661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.10.027
  17. Lebreton, L. C. M., B. Slat, F. Ferrari, B. Sainte-Rose, J. Aitken, R. Marthouse, S. Hajbane, S. Cunsolo, A. Schwarz, A. Levivier, K. Noble, P. Debeljak, H. Maral, R. Schoeneich-Argent, R. Brambini, and J. Reisser(2018), Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic, Scientific Reports, 8(4666), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w (Accessed 24 Mar 2020).
  18. Lee, K., S. Tanabe, and C. Koh(2001), Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments from Kyeonggi Bay and nearby areas, Korea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 42, Issue 4, pp. 273-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00124-7
  19. Mato, Y., T. Isobe, H. Takada, H. Kanehiro, C. Ohtake, and T. Kaminuma(2001), Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 35, pp. 318-324. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0010498
  20. Moore, E., S. Lyday, J. Roletto, K. Litle, J. K. Parrish, H. Nevins, J. Harvey, J. Mortenson, D. Greig, M. Piazza, A. Hermance, D. Lee, D. Adams, S. Allen, and S. Kell(2009), Entanglement of marine mammals and seabirds in Central California and the North-West coast of the United States 2001-2005, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 58, Issue 7, pp. 1045-1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.02.006
  21. Ocean Conservancy(2010), Trash travels: From our hands to the sea, around the globe, and through time. International Coastal Cleanup (ICC), 2010 Report, Washington, D.C., USA.
  22. Park, T. H.(2016), Goodbye, Microbeads! Small but big changes we made together! Greenpeace Korea, https://www.greenpeace.org/korea/update/6498/blog-plastic-goodbye-microbeads-victory/ (Accessed 15 Mar 2020).
  23. Rochman, C. M., M. A. Browne, B. S. Halpern, B. T. Hentschel, E. Hoh, H. K. Karapanagioti, L. M. Rios-Mendoza, H. Takada, S. The, and R. C. Thompson(2013), Policy: Classify plastic waste as hazardous, Nature, Vol. 494, pp. 169-171. https://doi.org/10.1038/494169a
  24. Ryan, P. G.(1988), Intraspectic variation in plastic ingestion by seabirds and the flux of plastic through seabird populations. The Condor, Vol. 90, Issue 2, pp. 446-452. https://doi.org/10.2307/1368572
  25. Schmidt, C., T. Krauth, P. Klockner, M.-S. Romer, B. Stier, T. Reemtsma, and S. Wagner(2017a), Estimation of global plastic loads delivered by rivers into the sea. Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 19 - European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2017. https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2017/EGU2017-12171.pdf (Accessed 18 Mar 2020).
  26. Schmidt, C., T. Krauth, and S. Wagner(2017b), Export of plastic debris by rivers into the Sea, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 51, pp. 12246-12253. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02368
  27. Thevenon, F.(2014), Plastics in the marine environment. Pages 11-18 in F. Thevenon, C. Carroll, and J. Sousa, editors. Plastic debris in the ocean: The characterization of marine plastics and their environmental impacts, situation analysis report. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Bland, Switzerland.
  28. Thompson, R. C., Y. Olsen, R. P. Mitchell, A. Davis, S. J. Rowland, A. W. G. John, D. McGonigle, and A. E. Russell (2004), Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic? Science, Vol. 304, pp. 838-838. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094559
  29. Tourinho, P. S., J. A. Ivar do Sul, and G. Fillmann(2010), Is Marine debris ingestion still a problem for the coastal marine biota of southern Brazil? Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 60, pp. 396-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.10.013
  30. UNEP(2011), Year Book 2011: Emerging issues in our global environment. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Division of Early Warning Assessment, Nairobi, Kenya.
  31. WHO(World Health Organization)(2020), WHO homepage, https://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/chemical-risks/pops/en/ (Accessed Mar 20 2020).
  32. ZWIA(Zero Waste International Alliance)(2020), http://zwia.org/zwh/#1533001727654-06e7e2c8-d52a (Accessed Mar 25 2020).