Acknowledgement
This study was supported by grants from SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center (grant number 03-2019-26) and the Radiological Research Foundation of Korea (grant number 2018-01).
References
- Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;76:2982-3021
- Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NA 3rd, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:e6-e75
- Brignole M, Auricchio A, Baron-Esquivias G, Bordachar P, Boriani G, Breithardt OA, et al. 2013 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: the Task Force on cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Eur Heart J 2013;34:2281-2329
- Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, Blom N, Borggrefe M, Camm J, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: the task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J 2015;36:2793-2867
- Mond HG, Proclemer A. The 11th world survey of cardiac pacing and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: calendar year 2009--a World Society of Arrhythmia's project. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2011;34:1013-1027
- Wilkoff BL, Love CJ, Byrd CL, Bongiorni MG, Carrillo RG, Crossley GH 3rd, et al. Transvenous lead extraction: Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus on facilities, training, indications, and patient management: this document was endorsed by the American Heart Association (AHA). Heart Rhythm 2009;6:1085-1104
- Kurtz SM, Ochoa JA, Lau E, Shkolnikov Y, Pavri BB, Frisch D, et al. Implantation trends and patient profiles for pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators in the United States: 1993-2006. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2010;33:705-711
- Greenspon AJ, Patel JD, Lau E, Ochoa JA, Frisch DR, Ho RT, et al. Trends in permanent pacemaker implantation in the United States from 1993 to 2009: increasing complexity of patients and procedures. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:1540-1545
- Lee JH, Lee SR, Choi EK, Jeong J, Park HD, You SJ, et al. Temporal trends of cardiac implantable electronic device implantations: a nationwide population-based study. Korean Circ J 2019;49:841-852
- Indik JH, Gimbel JR, Abe H, Alkmim-Teixeira R, Birgersdotter-Green U, Clarke GD, et al. 2017 HRS expert consensus statement on magnetic resonance imaging and radiation exposure in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices. Heart Rhythm 2017;14:e97-e153
- Keller J, Neuzil P, Vymazal J, Janotka M, Brada J, Zacek R, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Europace 2015;17:761-766
- Rickard J, Taborsky M, Bello D, Johnson WB, Ramza B, Chang Y, et al. Short- and long-term electrical performance of the 5086MRI pacing lead. Heart Rhythm 2014;11:222-229
- Bailey WM, Rosenthal L, Fananapazir L, Gleva M, Mazur A, Rinaldi CA, et al. Clinical safety of the ProMRI pacemaker system in patients subjected to head and lower lumbar 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging scanning conditions. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:1183-1191
- Hwang YM, Kim J, Lee JH, Kim M, Nam GB, Choi KJ, et al. Cardiac implantable electronic device safety during magnetic resonance imaging. Korean Circ J 2016;46:804-810
- Kalin R, Stanton MS. Current clinical issues for MRI scanning of pacemaker and defibrillator patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005;28:326-328
- Stevenson WG, Chaitman BR, Ellenbogen KA, Epstein AE, Gross WL, Hayes DL, et al. Clinical assessment and management of patients with implanted cardioverter-defibrillators presenting to nonelectrophysiologists. Circulation 2004;110:3866-3869
- Hutchison SJ. Principles of cardiovascular radiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2011
- Jacob S, Shahzad MA, Maheshwari R, Panaich SS, Aravindhakshan R. Cardiac rhythm device identification algorithm using X-rays: CaRDIA-X. Heart Rhythm 2011;8:915-922
- Howard JP, Fisher L, Shun-Shin MJ, Keene D, Arnold AD, Ahmad Y, et al. Cardiac rhythm device identification using neural networks. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2019;5:576-586
- Weinreich M, Chudow JJ, Weinreich B, Krumerman T, Nag T, Rahgozar K, et al. Development of an artificially intelligent mobile phone application to identify cardiac devices on chest radiography. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2019;5:1094-1095
- Mazurowski MA, Habas PA, Zurada JM, Lo JY, Baker JA, Tourassi GD. Training neural network classifiers for medical decision making: the effects of imbalanced datasets on classification performance. Neural Netw 2008;21:427-436
- Everingham M, Van Gool L, Williams CK, Winn J, Zisserman A. The pascal visual object classes (voc) challenge. Int J Comput Vis 2010;88:303-338
- Lin TY, Maire M, Belongie S, Hays J, Perona P, Ramanan D, et al. Microsoft coco: common objects in context. In: Fleet D, Pajdla T, Schiele B, Tuytelaars T, eds. Computer Vision-ECCV 2014. ECCV 2014. Lecture notes in computer science. Cham: Springer, 2014:740-755
- Kuznetsova A, Rom H, Alldrin N, Uijlings J, Krasin I, Pont-Tuset J, et al. The open images dataset v4. Int J Comput Vis 2020;128:1956-1981
- Chudow JJ, Jones D, Weinreich M, Zaremski L, Lee S, Weinreich B, et al. A head-to head comparison of machine learning algorithms for identification of implanted cardiac devices. Am J Cardiol 2021;144:77-82
- Selvaraju RR, Cogswell M, Das A, Vedantam R, Parikh D, Batra D. Grad-CAM: visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV); 2017 Oct 22-29; Venice, Italy: IEEE; 2017; p. 618-626
- Squara F, Chik WW, Benhayon D, Maeda S, Latcu DG, Lacaze-Gadonneix J, et al. Development and validation of a novel algorithm based on the ECG magnet response for rapid identification of any unknown pacemaker. Heart Rhythm 2014;11:1367-1376
- Hwang EJ, Park CM. Clinical implementation of deep learning in thoracic radiology: potential applications and challenges. Korean J Radiol 2020;21:511-525
- Hwang EJ, Nam JG, Lim WH, Park SJ, Jeong YS, Kang JH, et al. Deep learning for chest radiograph diagnosis in the emergency department. Radiology 2019;293:573-580
- Monteiro M, Newcombe VFJ, Mathieu F, Adatia K, Kamnitsas K, Ferrante E, et al. Multiclass semantic segmentation and quantification of traumatic brain injury lesions on head CT using deep learning: an algorithm development and multicentre validation study. Lancet Digit Health 2020;2:e314-e322
- Park SH, Han K. Methodologic guide for evaluating clinical performance and effect of artificial intelligence technology for medical diagnosis and prediction. Radiology 2018;286:800-809
- Costelloe CM, Murphy WA Jr, Gladish GW, Rozner MA. Radiography of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012;199:1252-1258
- Rahsepar AA, Zimmerman SL, Hansford R, Guttman MA, Castro V, McVeigh D, et al. The relationship between MRI radiofrequency energy and function of nonconditional implanted cardiac devices: a prospective evaluation. Radiology 2020;295:307-313
- Sinha SK, Akinyele B, Spragg DD, Marine JE, Berger R, Calkins H, et al. Managing cardiac implantable electronic device patients during a health care crisis: practical guidance. Heart Rhythm O2 2020;1:222-226
- Irnich W. Risks to pacemaker patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging examinations. Europace 2010;12:918-920
- Muthalaly RG, Nerlekar N, Ge Y, Kwong RY, Nasis A. MRI in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Radiology 2018;289:281-292
- Duru F, Luechinger R, Scheidegger MB, Luscher TF, Boesiger P, Candinas R. Pacing in magnetic resonance imaging environment: clinical and technical considerations on compatibility. Eur Heart J 2001;22:113-124
- Luechinger R, Zeijlemaker VA, Pedersen EM, Mortensen P, Falk E, Duru F, et al. In vivo heating of pacemaker leads during magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J 2005;26:376-383
- Mollerus M, Albin G, Lipinski M, Lucca J. Cardiac biomarkers in patients with permanent pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators undergoing an MRI scan. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2008;31:1241-1245
- Roguin A, Zviman MM, Meininger GR, Rodrigues ER, Dickfeld TM, Bluemke DA, et al. Modern pacemaker and implantable cardioverter/defibrillator systems can be magnetic resonance imaging safe: in vitro and in vivo assessment of safety and function at 1.5 T. Circulation 2004;110:475-482
- Shellock FG, Fischer L, Fieno DS. Cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators: in vitro magnetic resonance imaging evaluation at 1.5-tesla. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2007;9:21-31