Acknowledgement
본 연구는 '오뚜기 함태호 재단'의 연구비 지원을 받아 수행되었다.
References
- Aisen PS, Schneider LS, Sano M, Diaz-Arrastia R, Van Dyck CH, Weiner MF, Bottiglieri T, Jin S, Stokes KT, Thomas RG, Thal, LJ. High-dose B vitamin supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. Jama 300: 1774-1783 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.15.1774
- Akhtar A, Dhaliwal J, Saroj P, Uniyal A, Bishnoi M, Sah SP. Chromium picolinate attenuates cognitive deficit in ICV-STZ rat paradigm of sporadic Alzheimer's-like dementia via targeting neuroinflammatory and IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway. Inflammopharmacology 28: 385-400 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-019-00681-7
- Ali MM, Ghouri RG, Ans AH, Akbar A, Toheed A. Recommendations for anti-inflammatory treatments in Alzheimer's disease: a comprehensive review of the literature. Cureus 11: e4620 (2019)
- Artero S, Tierney MC, Touchon J, Ritchie K. Prediction of transition from cognitive impairment to senile dementia: a prospective, longitudinal study. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 107: 390-393 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00081.x
- Bo Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, You J, Cui H, Zhu Y, Pang W, Liu W, Jiang Y, Lu Q. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation improved the cognitive function in the Chinese elderly with mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Nutrients 9: 54 (2017) https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9010054
- Buell JS, Dawson-Hughes B, Scott TM, Weiner DE, Dallal GE, Qui WQ, Bergethon P, Rosenberg IH, Folstein MF, Patz S, Bhadelia RA, Tucker KL. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, dementia, and cerebrovascular pathology in elders receiving home services. Neurology 74: 18-26 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181beecb7
- Cederholm T. Fish consumption and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for prevention or treatment of cognitive decline, dementia, or Alzheimer's disease in older adults-any news? Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 20: 104-109 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000350
- de Jager CA, Oulhaj A, Jacoby R, Refsum H, Smith AD. Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 27: 592-600 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2758
- DeKosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL, Kronmal RA, Ives DG, Saxton JA, Lopez OL, Burke G, Carlson MC, Fried LP, Kuller LH, Robbins JA, Tracy RP, Woolard NF, Dunn L, Snitz BE, Nahin RL, Furberg CD, Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study Investigators. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. Jama 300: 2253-2262 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2008.683
- Dickerson BC, Goncharova I, Sullivan MP, Forchetti C, Wilson RS, Bennett DA, Beckett LA, deToledo-Morrell L. MRI-derived entorhinal and hippocampal atrophy in incipient and very mild Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 22: 747-754 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4580(01)00271-8
- Ding Q, Tanigawa K, Kaneko J, Totsuka M, Katakura Y, Imabayashi E, Matsuda H, Hisatsune T. Anserine/carnosine supplementation preserves blood flow in the prefrontal brain of elderly people carrying APOE ε4. Aging Dis. 9: 334 (2018) https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2017.0809
- Dyall SC, Michael-Titus AT. Neurological benefits of omega-3 fatty acids. Neuromolecular Med. 10: 219-235 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-008-8036-z
- Dysken MW, Sano M, Asthana S, Vertrees JE, Pallaki M, Llorente M, Love S, Schellenberg GD, McCarten JR, Malphurs J, et al. Effect of vitamin E and memantine on functional decline in Alzheimer's disease: the TEAM-AD VA cooperative randomized trial. Jama 311: 33-44 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.282834
- Eckert GP, Lipka U, Muller WE. Omega-3 fatty acids in neurodegenerative disease: focus on mitochondria. Prostaglandins, Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 88: 105-114 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2012.05.006
- Eriksdotter M, Vedin I, Falahati F, Freund-Levi Y, Hjorth E, FaxenIrving G, Wahlund LO, Schultzberg M, Basun H, Cederholm T, Palmblad J. Plasma fatty acid profiles in relation to cognition and gender in Alzheimer's disease patients during oral omega-3 fatty acid supplementation: The OmegAD study. J. Alzheimers Dis. 48: 805-812 (2015) https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150102
- Feart C, Letenneur L, Helmer C, Samieri C, Schalch W, Etheve S, Delcourt C, Dartigues JF, Barberger-Gateau P. Plasma carotenoids are inversely associated with dementia risk in an elderly French cohort. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 71: 683-688 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv135
- Freund-Levi Y, Eriksdotter-Jonhagen M, Cederholm T, Basun H, Faxen-Irving G, Garlind A, Vedin I, Vessby B, Wahlund LO, Palmblad J. ω-3 fatty acid treatment in 174 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: OmegAD study: a randomized double-blind trial. Arch. Neurol. 63: 1402-1408 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.63.10.1402
- Freund-Levi Y, Basun H, Cederholm T, Faxen-Irving G, Garlind A, Grut M, Vedin I, Palmblad J, Wahlund LO, Eriksdotter-Jonhagen M. Omega-3 supplementation in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: effects on neuropsychiatric symptoms. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 23: 161-169 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1857
- Freund-Levi Y, Vedin I, Hjorth E, Basun H, Faxen Irving G, Schultzberg M, Eriksdotter M, Palmblad J, Vessby B, Wahlund LO, Cederholm T, Basu S. Effects of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with Alzheimer's disease: the OmegAD study. J. Alzheimer's Dis. 42: 823-831 (2014) https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-132042
- Garcion E, Wion-Barbot N, Montero-Menei CN, Berger F, Wion D. New clues about vitamin D functions in the nervous system. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 13: 100-105 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-2760(01)00547-1
- Gauthier S, Reisberg B, Zaudig M, Petersen RC, Ritchie K, Broich K, Belleville S, Brodaty H, Bennett D, Chertkow H, Cummings JL, de Leon M, Feldman H, Ganguli M, Hampel H, Scheltens P, Tierney MC, Whitehouse P, Winblad B. Mild cognitive impairment. The lancet 367: 1262-1270 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68542-5
- Green R, Allen LH, Bjorke-Monsen AL, Brito A, Gueant JL, Miller JW, Molloy AM, Nexo E, Stabler S, Toh BH, Ueland PM, Yajnik C. Vitamin B12 deficiency. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 3: 1-20 (2017)
- Gugliandolo A, Bramanti P, Mazzoz E. Role of vitamin E in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from animal models. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18:2504 (2017) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122504
- Haller S, Montandon ML, Rodriguez C, Moser D, Toma S, Hofmeister J, Sinanaj I, Lovblad KO, Giannakopoulos P. Acute caffeine administration effect on brain activation patterns in mild cognitive impairment. J. Alzheimers Dis. 41: 101-112 (2014) https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-132360
- Harold D, Abraham R, Hollingworth P, Sims R, Gerrish A, Hamshere ML, Pahwa JS, Moskvina V, Dowzell K, Williams K, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and PICALM associated with Alzheimer's disease. Nat. Genet. 41: 1088-1093 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.440
- Hashimoto M, Kato S, Tanabe Y, Katakura M, Mamun AA, Ohno M, Hossain S, Onoda K, Yamaguchi S, Shido O. Beneficial effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid intervention on cognitive function and mental health of the oldest elderly in Japanese care facilities and nursing homes. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 17: 330-337 (2017)
- Henderson VW. Alzheimer's disease: review of hormone therapy trials and implications for treatment and prevention after menopause. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 142: 99-106 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.05.010
- Hopperton KE, Trepanier MO, Giuliano V, Bazinet RP. Brain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate microglia cell number and morphology in response to intracerebroventricular amyloid-β 1-40 in mice. J. Neuroinflammation 13: 1-18 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-015-0467-5
- Isaac MGEKN, Quinn R, Tabet N. Vitamin E for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3 (2008)
- Jerneren F, Elshorbagy AK, Oulhaj A, Smith SM, Refsum H, Smith AD. Brain atrophy in cognitively impaired elderly: the importance of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids and B vitamin status in a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 102: 215-221 (2015) https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.103283
- Jia J, Hu J, Huo X, Miao R, Zhang Y, Ma F. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on cognitive function and blood Aβ-related bio-markers in older adults with Alzheimer's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry Res. 90: 1347-1352 (2019)
- Kalueff AV, Tuohimaa P. Neurosteroid hormone vitamin D and its utility in clinical nutrition. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 10: 12-19 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e328010ca18
- Karimi M, Vedin I, Freund Levi Y, Basun H, Faxen Irving G, Eriksdotter M, Wahlund LO, Schultzberg M, Hjorth E, Cederholm T, Palmblad J. DHA-rich n-3 fatty acid supplementation decreases DNA methylation in blood leukocytes: the OmegAD study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 106: 1157-1165 (2017) https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.155648
- Killin LO, Starr JM, Shiue IJ, Russ TC. Environmental risk factors for dementia: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 16: 1-28 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0167-0
- Krikorian R, Eliassen JC, Boespflug EL, Nash TA, Shidler MD. Improved cognitive-cerebral function in older adults with chromium supplementation. Nutr. Neurosci. 13: 116-122 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1179/147683010X12611460764084
- Kryscio RJ, Abner EL, Caban-Holt A, Lovell, M, Goodman P, Darke AK, Yee M, Crowley J, Schmitt FA. Association of antioxidant supplement use and dementia in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease by vitamin E and selenium trial (PREADViSE). JAMA Neurol. 74: 567-573 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.5778
- Lambert JC, Heath S, Even G, Campion D, Sleegers K, Hiltunen M, Combarros O, Zelenika D, Bullido MJ, Tavernier B, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and CR1 associated with Alzheimer's disease. Nat. Genet. 41: 1094-1099 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.439
- Lee DW, Seong SJ. Korean national dementia plans: from 1st to 3rd. J. Korean Med. Assoc. 61: 298-303 (2018) https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2018.61.5.298
- Lee LK, Shahar S, Chin AV, Yusoff NAM. Docosahexaenoic acidconcentrated fish oil supplementation in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI): a 12-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology 225: 605-612 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2848-0
- Ma F, Li Q, Zhou X, Zhao J, Song A, Li W, Liu H, Xu W, Huang G. Effects of folic acid supplementation on cognitive function and Aβ-related biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Eur. J. Nutr. 58: 345-356 (2019a) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1598-5
- Ma F, Zhou X, Li Q, Zhao J, Song A, An P, Du Y, Xu W, Huang G. Effects of folic acid and vitamin B12, alone and in combination on cognitive function and inflammatory factors in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment: A single-blind experimental design. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 16: 622-632 (2019b) https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205016666190725144629
- Macready AL, Kennedy OB, Ellis JA, Williams CM, Spencer JP, Butler LT. Flavonoids and cognitive function: a review of human randomized controlled trial studies and recommendations for future studies. Genes Nutr. 4: 227-242 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12263-009-0135-4
- Masuoka N, Yoshimine C, Hori M, Tanaka M, Asada T, Abe K, Hisatsune T. Effects of anserine/carnosine supplementation on mild cognitive impairment with APOE ε4. Nutrients 11: 1626 (2019) https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071626
- Moll R, Davis B. Iron, vitamin B12 and folate. Medicine 45: 198-203 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2017.01.007
- Morello M, Landel V, Lacassagne E, Baranger K, Annweiler C, Feron F, Millet P. Vitamin D improves neurogenesis and cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol. Neurobiol. 55: 6463-6479 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0839-1
- Mucke L. Alzheimer's disease. Nature 461: 895-897 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1038/461895a
- National Institutes of Health. How is Alzheimer's disease treated? Available from: https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/how-alzheimersdisease-treated. Accessed Jan. 25, 2021
- National Institutes of Health. What is mild cognitive impairment? Available from: https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-mild-cognitive-impairment. Accessed Jan. 25, 2021
- Oulhaj A, Jerneren F, Refsum H, Smith AD, de Jager CA. Omega-3 fatty acid status enhances the prevention of cognitive decline by B vitamins in mild cognitive impairment. J. Alzheimers Dis. 50: 547-557 (2016) https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150777
- Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Grundman M, Bennett D, Doody R, Ferris S, Galasko D, Jin S, Kaye J, Levey A, Pfeiffer E, Sano M, van Dyck CH, Thal LJ. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N. Engl. J. Med. 352: 2379-2388 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa050151
- Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment. N. Engl. J. Med. 364: 2227-2234 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp0910237
- Quinn JF, Raman R, Thomas RG, Yurko-Mauro K, Nelson EB, Van Dyck C, Galvin JE, Emond J, Jack CR, Weiner M, Shinto L, Aisen PS. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. Jama 304: 1903-1911 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1510
- Refsum H, Smith AD, Ueland PM, Nexo E, Clarke R, McPartlin J, Johnston C, Engbaek F, Schneede J, McPartlin C, Scott JM. Facts and recommendations about total homocysteine determinations: an expert opinion. Clin. Chem. 50: 3-32 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.021634
- Riggs KM, Spiro 3rd A, Tucker K, Rush D. Relations of vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folate, and homocysteine to cognitive performance in the Normative Aging Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63: 306-314 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/63.3.306
- Rogaeva E, Meng Y, Lee JH, Gu Y, Kawarai T, Zou F, Katayama T, Baldwin CT, Cheng R, Hasegawa H, et al. The neuronal sortilinrelated receptor SORL1 is genetically associated with Alzheimer disease. Nat. Genet. 39: 168-177 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1943
- Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, Klauber MR, Schafer K, Grundman M, Woodbury P, Growdon J, Cotman CW, Pfeiffer E, Schneider LS, Thal LJ. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 336: 1216-1222 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199704243361704
- Scholey AB, Camfield DA, Hughes ME, Woods W, Stough CKK, White DJ, Gondalia SV, Frederiksen PD. A randomized controlled trial investigating the neurocognitive effects of Lacprodan® PL-20, a phospholipid-rich milk protein concentrate, in elderly participants with age-associated memory impairment: The Phospholipid Intervention for Cognitive Ageing Reversal (PLICAR): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 14: 1-15 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-14-1
- Schultz BG, Patten DK, Berlau DJ. The role of statins in both cognitive impairment and protection against dementia: a tale of two mechanisms. Transl. Neurodegener. 7: 1-11 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40035-018-0106-z
- Smith AD, Smith SM, de Jager CA, Whitbread P, Johnston C, Agacinski G, Oulhaj A, Bradley KM, Jacoby R, Refsum H. Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. PloS one 5: e12244 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012244
- Statistics Korea. 2020 Elderly statistics. Available from: http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/1/1/index.board?bmode=read&aSeq=385322. Accessed Jan. 25, 2021
- Sun J, Wen S, Zhou J, Ding S. Association between malnutrition and hyperhomocysteine in Alzheimer's disease patients and diet intervention of betaine. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 31: e22090 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.22090
- Szczesniak D, Budzen S, Kopec W, Rymaszewska J. Anserine and carnosine supplementation in the elderly: Effects on cognitive functioning and physical capacity. Arch. Gerontol. Geriat. 59: 485-490 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2014.04.008
- Thal LJ, Ferguson JM, Mintzer JE, Raskin A, Targum SD. A 24- week randomized trial of controlled-release physostigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 52: 1146-1146 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.52.6.1146
- van Uffelen JG, Chinapaw MJ, van Mechelen W, Hopman-Rock M. Walking or vitamin B for cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment? A randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Sports Med. 42: 344-351 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.044735
- Vedin I, Cederholm T, Freund-Levi Y, Basun H, Garlind A, Faxen Irving G, Eriksdotter-Jonhagen M, Wahlund LO, Dahlman I, Palmblad J. Effects of DHA-rich n-3 fatty acid supplementation on gene expression in blood mononuclear leukocytes: the OmegAD study. PloS one 7: e35425 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035425
- Wilson MP, Plecko B, Mills PB, Clayton PT. Disorders affecting vitamin B6 metabolism. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 42: 629-646 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1002/jimd.12060
- World Health Organization. Dementia. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia. Accessed Jan. 25, 2021
- Yokota T, lgarashi K, Uchihara T, Jishage KI, Tomita H, Inaba A, Li Y, Arita M, Suzuki H, Mizusawa H, Arai H. Delayed-onset ataxia in mice lacking α-tocopherol transfer protein: model for neuronal degeneration caused by chromic oxidative stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98: 15185-15190 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.261456098
- Zhang YP, Lou Y, Hu J, Miao R, Ma F. DHA supplementation improves cognitive function via enhancing Aβ-mediated autophagy in Chinese elderly with mild cognitive impairment: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry Res. 89: 382-388 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2017-316176
- Zhang YP, Miao R, Li Q, Wu T, Ma F. Effects of DHA supplementation on hippocampal volume and cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A 12-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Alzheimers Dis. 55: 497-507 (2017) https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160439