References
- Maiuri F, Iaconetta G, Gallicchio B, Manto A, Briganti F. Spondylodiscitis. Clinical and magnetic resonance diagnosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997;22:1741-1746 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199708010-00012
- Pintado-Garcia V. [Infectious spondylitis]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2008;26:510-517 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0213-005X(08)72781-2
- Morales H. Infectious spondylitis mimics: mechanisms of disease and imaging findings. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2018;39:587-604 https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sult.2018.11.006
- Hong SH, Choi JY, Lee JW, Kim NR, Choi JA, Kang HS. MR imaging assessment of the spine: infection or an imitation? Radiographics 2009;29:599-612 https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.292085137
- Yeom JA, Lee IS, Suh HB, Song YS, Song JW. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of early spondylodiscitis: interpretive challenges and atypical findings. Korean J Radiol 2016;17:565-580 https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2016.17.5.565
- Ratcliffe JF. The arterial anatomy of the adult human lumbar vertebral body: a microarteriographic study. J Anat 1980;131:57-79
- Fournier DE, Kiser PK, Shoemaker JK, Battie MC, Seguin CA. Vascularization of the human intervertebral disc: a scoping review. JOR Spine 2020;3:e1123
- Jeong SJ, Choi SW, Youm JY, Kim HW, Ha HG, Yi JS. Microbiology and epidemiology of infectious spinal disease. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2014;56:21-27 https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2014.56.1.21
- Babic M, Simpfendorfer CS. Infections of the spine. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2017;31:279-297 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2017.01.003
- Rossi A. Pediatric spinal infection and inflammation. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2015;25:173-191 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nic.2015.01.001
- Li Y, Wang Y, Ding H, Zhang N, Ma A, Shi J, et al. Pathologic characteristics of spinal tuberculosis: analysis of 181 cases. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2020;13:1253-1261
- Rajasekaran S, Soundararajan DCR, Shetty AP, Kanna RM. Spinal tuberculosis: current concepts. Global Spine J 2018;8:96S-108S https://doi.org/10.1177/2192568218769053
- Garg RK, Somvanshi DS. Spinal tuberculosis: a review. J Spinal Cord Med 2011;34:440-454 https://doi.org/10.1179/2045772311Y.0000000023
- Yu LD, Feng ZY, Wang XW, Ling ZH, Lin XJ. Fungal spondylodiscitis in a patient recovered from H7N9 virus infection: a case study and a literature review of the differences between Candida and Aspergillus spondylodiscitis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016;17:874-881 https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1600077
- Lee SW, Lee SH, Chung HW, Kim MJ, Seo MJ, Shin MJ. Candida spondylitis: comparison of MRI findings with bacterial and tuberculous causes. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013;201:872-877 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.12.10344
- Simeone FJ, Husseini JS, Yeh KJ, Lozano-Calderon S, Nelson SB, Chang CY. MRI and clinical features of acute fungal discitis/osteomyelitis. Eur Radiol 2020;30:2253-2260 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06603-z
- Kwon JW, Hong SH, Choi SH, Yoon YC, Lee SH. MRI findings of Aspergillus spondylitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;197:W919-W923 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.11.6786
- Esmaeilnejad-Ganji SM, Esmaeilnejad-Ganji SMR. Osteoarticular manifestations of human brucellosis: a review. World J Orthop 2019;10:54-62 https://doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v10.i2.54
- Kim EK, Hwang JH, Hwang JH, Lee CS. Is human brucellosis endemics in Korea? Yonsei Med J 2017;58:259-260 https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2017.58.1.259
- Tuna N, Ogutlu A, Gozdas HT, Karabay O. Pedro Pons' sign as a brucellosis complication. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2011;54:183-184 https://doi.org/10.4103/0377-4929.77398
- Li T, Liu T, Jiang Z, Cui X, Sun J. Diagnosing pyogenic, brucella and tuberculous spondylitis using histopathology and MRI: a retrospective study. Exp Ther Med 2016;12:2069-2077 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3602
- Modic MT, Steinberg PM, Ross JS, Masaryk TJ, Carter JR. Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging. Radiology 1988;166:193-199 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.166.1.3336678
- Crock HV. Internal disc disruption. A challenge to disc prolapse fifty years on. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1986;11:650-653 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198607000-00028
- Stirling A, Worthington T, Rafiq M, Lambert PA, Elliott TS. Association between sciatica and Propionibacterium acnes. Lancet 2001;357:2024-2025 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)05109-6
- Albert HB, Lambert P, Rollason J, Sorensen JS, Worthington T, Pedersen MB, et al. Does nuclear tissue infected with bacteria following disc herniations lead to Modic changes in the adjacent vertebrae? Eur Spine J 2013;22:690-696 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-013-2674-z
- Patel KB, Poplawski MM, Pawha PS, Naidich TP, Tanenbaum LN. Diffusion-weighted MRI "claw sign" improves differentiation of infectious from degenerative modic type 1 signal changes of the spine. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35:1647-1652 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3948
- Rannou F, Ouanes W, Boutron I, Lovisi B, Fayad F, Mace Y, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein in chronic low back pain with vertebral end-plate Modic signal changes. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:1311-1315 https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22985
- Hilton RC, Ball J, Benn RT. Vertebral end-plate lesions (Schmorl's nodes) in the dorsolumbar spine. Ann Rheum Dis 1976;35:127-132 https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.35.2.127
- Resnick D, Niwayama G. Intravertebral disk herniations: cartilaginous (Schmorl's) nodes. Radiology 1978;126:57-65 https://doi.org/10.1148/126.1.57
- Samartzis D, Mok FPS, Karppinen J, Fong DYT, Luk KDK, Cheung KMC. Classification of Schmorl's nodes of the lumbar spine and association with disc degeneration: a large-scale population-based MRI study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016;24:1753-1760 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2016.04.020
- Pfirrmann CW, Resnick D. Schmorl nodes of the thoracic and lumbar spine: radiographic-pathologic study of prevalence, characterization, and correlation with degenerative changes of 1,650 spinal levels in 100 cadavers. Radiology 2001;219:368-374 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.219.2.r01ma21368
- Wu HT, Morrison WB, Schweitzer ME. Edematous Schmorl's nodes on thoracolumbar MR imaging: characteristic patterns and changes over time. Skeletal Radiol 2006;35:212-219 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-005-0068-y
- Stabler A, Bellan M, Weiss M, Gartner C, Brossmann J, Reiser MF. MR imaging of enhancing intraosseous disk herniation (Schmorl's nodes). AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;168:933-938 https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.168.4.9124143
- Diehn FE, Maus TP, Morris JM, Carr CM, Kotsenas AL, Luetmer PH, et al. Uncommon manifestations of intervertebral disk pathologic conditions. Radiographics 2016;36:801-823 https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2016150223
- Bron JL, de Vries MK, Snieders MN, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, van Royen BJ. Discovertebral (Andersson) lesions of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis revisited. Clin Rheumatol 2009;28:883-892 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-009-1151-x
- Kim TH, Lee S. Etiology of pseudarthrosis in ankylosing spondylitis: what is the main cause? J Rheumatol 2019;46:226-228 https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.180987
- Romanus R, Yden S. Destructive and ossifying spondylitic changes in rheumatoid ankylosing spondylitis (pelvo-spondylitis ossificans). Acta Orthop Scand 1952;22:88-99 https://doi.org/10.3109/17453675208988998
- Langlois S, Cedoz JP, Lohse A, Toussirot E, Wendling D. Aseptic discitis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a retrospective study of 14 cases. Joint Bone Spine 2005;72:248-253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2004.05.015
- Albert HB, Kjaer P, Jensen TS, Sorensen JS, Bendix T, Manniche C. Modic changes, possible causes and relation to low back pain. Med Hypotheses 2008;70:361-368 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2007.05.014
- Hitchon PW, From AM, Brenton MD, Glaser JA, Torner JC. Fractures of the thoracolumbar spine complicating ankylosing spondylitis. J Neurosurg 2002;97:218-222 https://doi.org/10.3171/spi.2002.97.2.0218
- Eschelman DJ, Beers GJ, Naimark A, Yablon I. Pseudoarthrosis in ankylosing spondylitis mimicking infectious diskitis: MR appearance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1991;12:1113-1114
- Kim SK, Shin K, Song Y, Lee S, Kim TH. Andersson lesions of whole spine magnetic resonance imaging compared with plain radiography in ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatol Int 2016;36:1663-1670 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-016-3542-z
- Greenwood S, Leone A, Cassar-Pullicino VN. SAPHO and recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Radiol Clin North Am 2017;55:1035-1053 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2017.04.009
- Hayem G, Bouchaud-Chabot A, Benali K, Roux S, Palazzo E, Silbermann-Hoffman O, et al. SAPHO syndrome: a long-term follow-up study of 120 cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1999;29:159-171 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-0172(99)80027-4
- McGauvran AM, Kotsenas AL, Diehn FE, Wald JT, Carr CM, Morris JM. SAPHO syndrome: imaging findings of vertebral involvement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016;37:1567-1572 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4736
- Laredo JD, Vuillemin-Bodaghi V, Boutry N, Cotten A, Parlier-Cuau C. SAPHO syndrome: MR appearance of vertebral involvement. Radiology 2007;242:825-831 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2423051222
- Colina M, Govoni M, Orzincolo C, Trotta F. Clinical and radiologic evolution of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis syndrome: a single center study of a cohort of 71 subjects. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61:813-821 https://doi.org/10.1002/art.24540
- Akisue T, Yamamoto T, Marui T, Hitora T, Nagira K, Nakatani T, et al. Lumbar spondylodiscitis in SAPHO syndrome: multimodality imaging findings. J Rheumatol 2002;29:1100-1101
- Lacout A, Lebreton C, Mompoint D, Mokhtari S, Vallee CA, Carlier RY. CT and MRI of spinal neuroarthropathy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;193:W505-W514 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.09.2268
- Ledbetter LN, Salzman KL, Sanders RK, Shah LM. Spinal neuroarthropathy: pathophysiology, clinical and imaging features, and differential diagnosis. Radiographics 2016;36:783-799 https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2016150121
- Baker N, Green A, Krishnan S, Rayman G. Microvascular and C-fiber function in diabetic charcot neuroarthropathy and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2007;30:3077-3079 https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-1063
- Brower AC, Allman RM. Pathogenesis of the neurotrophic joint: neurotraumatic vs. neurovascular. Radiology 1981;139:349-354 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.139.2.7220879
- Wukich DK, Sung W. Charcot arthropathy of the foot and ankle: modern concepts and management review. J Diabetes Complications 2009;23:409-426 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.09.004
- Wagner SC, Schweitzer ME, Morrison WB, Przybylski GJ, Parker L. Can imaging findings help differentiate spinal neuropathic arthropathy from disk space infection? Initial experience. Radiology 2000;214:693-699 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.214.3.r00mr16693
- Rosenthal AK, Ryan LM. Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. N Engl J Med 2016;374:2575-2584 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1511117
- Omoumi P, Zufferey P, Malghem J, So A. Imaging in gout and other crystal-related arthropathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2016;42:621-644 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2016.07.005
- Bouvet JP, le Parc JM, Michalski B, Benlahrache C, Auquier L. Acute neck pain due to calcifications surrounding the odontoid process: the crowned dens syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1985;28:1417-1420 https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780281215
- Moshrif A, Laredo JD, Bassiouni H, Abdelkareem M, Richette P, Rigon MR, et al. Spinal involvement with calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease in an academic rheumatology center: a series of 37 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2019;48:1113-1126 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.10.009
- Bridges KJ, Bullis CL, Wanchu A, Than KD. Pseudogout of the cervical and thoracic spine mimicking infection after lumbar fusion: case report. J Neurosurg Spine 2017;27:145-149 https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.12.SPINE16979