Acknowledgement
The authors thank Jong-Eun Lee MD for his figure 3 illustration.
References
- Lee Y, Kim KA, Song MJ, Park YS, Lee J, Choi JW, et al. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of endometrial polypoid lesions. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2020;45:3869-3881 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-020-02567-7
- Lin MY, Dobrotwir A, McNally O, Abu-Rustum NR, Narayan K. Role of imaging in the routine management of endometrial cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2018;143 Suppl 2:109-117 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12618
- Beddy P, O'Neill AC, Yamamoto AK, Addley HC, Reinhold C, Sala E. FIGO staging system for endometrial cancer: added benefits of MR imaging. Radiographics 2012;32:241-254 https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.321115045
- Tamai K, Koyama T, Saga T, Morisawa N, Fujimoto K, Mikami Y, et al. The utility of diffusion-weighted MR imaging for differentiating uterine sarcomas from benign leiomyomas. Eur Radiol 2008;18:723-730 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-007-0787-7
- Takeuchi M, Matsuzaki K, Nishitani H. Manifestations of the female reproductive organs on MR images: changes induced by various physiologic states. Radiographics 2010;30:1147
- Nalaboff KM, Pellerito JS, Ben-Levi E. Imaging the endometrium: disease and normal variants. Radiographics 2001;21:1409-1424 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.21.6.g01nv211409
- Novellas S, Chassang M, Delotte J, Toullalan O, Chevallier A, Bouaziz J, et al. MRI characteristics of the uterine junctional zone: from normal to the diagnosis of adenomyosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;196:1206-1213 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.10.4877
- Manfredi R, Gui B, Maresca G, Fanfani F, Bonomo L. Endometrial cancer: magnetic resonance imaging. Abdom Imaging 2005;30:626-636 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-004-0298-9
- Yamashita Y, Harada M, Sawada T, Takahashi M, Miyazaki K, Okamura H. Normal uterus and FIGO stage I endometrial carcinoma: dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 1993;186:495-501 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.186.2.8421757
- Tsili AC, Argyropoulou MI, Tzarouchi L, Dalkalitsis N, Koliopoulos G, Paraskevaidis E, et al. Apparent diffusion coefficient values of the normal uterus: interindividual variations during menstrual cycle. Eur J Radiol 2012;81:1951-1956 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.04.057
- Cohen I. Endometrial pathologies associated with postmenopausal tamoxifen treatment. Gynecol Oncol 2004;94:256-266 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.03.048
- Sismondi P, Biglia N, Volpi E, Giai M, de Grandis T. Tamoxifen and endometrial cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994;734:310-321 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb21761.x
- Lee M, Piao J, Jeon MJ. Risk factors associated with endometrial pathology in premenopausal breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Yonsei Med J 2020;61:317-322 https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2020.61.4.317
- Kamel HS, Darwish AM, Mohamed SA. Comparison of transvaginal ultrasonography and vaginal sonohysterography in the detection of endometrial polyps. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000;79:60-64 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0412.2000.079001060.x
- Grasel RP, Outwater EK, Siegelman ES, Capuzzi D, Parker L, Hussain SM. Endometrial polyps: MR imaging features and distinction from endometrial carcinoma. Radiology 2000;214:47-52 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.214.1.r00ja3647
- Hase S, Mitsumori A, Inai R, Takemoto M, Matsubara S, Akamatsu N, et al. Endometrial polyps: MR imaging features. Acta Med Okayama 2012;66:475-485
- Gupta S, Manyonda IT. Acute complications of fibroids. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009;23:609-617 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.01.012
- Breijer MC, Timmermans A, van Doorn HC, Mol BW, Opmeer BC. Diagnostic strategies for postmenopausal bleeding. Obstet Gynecol Int 2010;2010:850812
- Arleo EK, Schwartz PE, Hui P, McCarthy S. Review of leiomyoma variants. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015;205:912-921 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.14.13946
- Ueda H, Togashi K, Konishi I, Kataoka ML, Koyama T, Fujiwara T, et al. Unusual appearances of uterine leiomyomas: MR imaging findings and their histopathologic backgrounds. Radiographics 1999;19 Spec No:S131-S145 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.19.suppl_1.g99oc04s131
- Murase E, Siegelman ES, Outwater EK, Perez-Jaffe LA, Tureck RW. Uterine leiomyomas: histopathologic features, MR imaging findings, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Radiographics 1999;19:1179-1197 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.19.5.g99se131179
- Kitajima K, Kaji Y, Imanaka K, Sugihara R, Sugimura K. MRI findings of uterine lipoleiomyoma correlated with pathologic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;189:W100-W104 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.07.2230
- Chu CY, Tang YK, Chan TS, Wan YH, Fung KH. Diagnostic challenge of lipomatous uterine tumors in three patients. World J Radiol 2012;4:58-62 https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v4.i2.58
- Suzuki A, Aoki M, Miyagawa C, Murakami K, Takaya H, Kotani Y, et al. Differential diagnosis of uterine leiomyoma and uterine sarcoma using magnetic resonance images: a literature review. Healthcare (Basel) 2019;7:158
- Tavassoli FA. Pathology and genetics of tumors of the breast and female genital organs. In Hendrickson MR, Tavassoli FA, Kempson RL, McCluggage WG, Haller U, Kubik-Huch RA, eds. World Health Organization classification of tumors. Lyon: IARC Press 2003:236-239
- Jiang GH, Zhang LY, Li GY, Lin CL, Zeng SQ, Zhong BL, et al. Atypical magnetic resonance imaging vs pathological findings of leiomyoma in the female reproductive system. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2009;29:301-304
- Lin G, Yang LY, Huang YT, Ng KK, Ng SH, Ueng SH, et al. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted MRI in the differentiation between uterine leiomyosarcoma /smooth muscle tumor with uncertain malignant potential and benign leiomyoma. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016;43:333-342 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.24998
- Aminzadeh P, Alibrahim E, Dobrotwir A, Paul E, Goergen S. Multiparametric MR evaluation of uterine leiomyosarcoma and STUMP versus leiomyoma in symptomatic women planned for high frequency focussed ultrasound: accuracy of imaging parameters and interobserver agreement for identification of malignancy. Br J Radiol 2021;94:20200483
- Wolfman DJ, Ascher SM. Magnetic resonance imaging of benign uterine pathology. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2006;17:399-407 https://doi.org/10.1097/RMR.0b013e31805003f5
- Saleh M, Virarkar M, Bhosale P, El Sherif S, Javadi S, Faria SC. Endometrial cancer, the current international federation of gynecology and obstetrics staging system, and the role of imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2020;44:714-729 https://doi.org/10.1097/RCT.0000000000001025
- Freeman SJ, Aly AM, Kataoka MY, Addley HC, Reinhold C, Sala E. The revised FIGO staging system for uterine malignancies: implications for MR imaging. Radiographics 2012;32:1805-1827 https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.326125519
- Sala E, Wakely S, Senior E, Lomas D. MRI of malignant neoplasms of the uterine corpus and cervix. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;188:1577-1587 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.06.1196
- Nougaret S, Lakhman Y, Vargas HA, Colombo PE, Fujii S, Reinhold C, et al. From staging to prognostication: achievements and challenges of MR imaging in the assessment of endometrial cancer. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2017;25:611-633 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mric.2017.03.010
- Rockall AG, Meroni R, Sohaib SA, Reynolds K, Alexander-Sefre F, Shepherd JH, et al. Evaluation of endometrial carcinoma on magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007;17:188-196 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.00805.x
- Frei KA, Kinkel K. Staging endometrial cancer: role of magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001;13:850-855 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.1121
- Gadducci A, Cavazzana A, Cosio S, DI Cristofano C, Tana R, Fanucchi A, et al. Lymph-vascular space involvement and outer one-third myometrial invasion are strong predictors of distant haematogeneous failures in patients with stage I-II endometrioid-type endometrial cancer. Anticancer Res 2009;29:1715-1720
- Cantrell LA, Blank SV, Duska LR. Uterine carcinosarcoma: a review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 2015;137:581-588 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.03.041
- Ravishankar P, Smith DA, Avril S, Kikano E, Ramaiya NH. Uterine carcinosarcoma: a primer for radiologists. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2019;44:2874-2885 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02038-8
- Kamishima Y, Takeuchi M, Kawai T, Kawaguchi T, Yamaguchi K, Takahashi N, et al. A predictive diagnostic model using multiparametric MRI for differentiating uterine carcinosarcoma from carcinoma of the uterine corpus. Jpn J Radiol 2017;35:472-483 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-017-0655-6
- Major FJ, Blessing JA, Silverberg SG, Morrow CP, Creasman WT, Currie JL, et al. Prognostic factors in early-stage uterine sarcoma. A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 1993;71:1702-1709 https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.2820710440
- D'Angelo E, Prat J. Uterine sarcomas: a review. Gynecol Oncol 2010;116:131-139 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.09.023
- Barral M, Place V, Dautry R, Bendavid S, Cornelis F, Foucher R, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging features of uterine sarcoma and mimickers. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017;42:1762-1772 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-017-1076-9
- Kubik-Huch RA, Weston M, Nougaret S, Leonhardt H, Thomassin-Naggara I, Horta M, et al. European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) guidelines: MR imaging of leiomyomas. Eur Radiol 2018;28:3125-3137 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-017-5157-5
- Cornfeld D, Israel G, Martel M, Weinreb J, Schwartz P, McCarthy S. MRI appearance of mesenchymal tumors of the uterus. Eur J Radiol 2010;74:241-249 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.03.005
- Lakhman Y, Veeraraghavan H, Chaim J, Feier D, Goldman DA, Moskowitz CS, et al. Differentiation of uterine leiomyosarcoma from atypical leiomyoma: diagnostic accuracy of qualitative MR imaging features and feasibility of texture analysis. Eur Radiol 2017;27:2903-2915 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-016-4623-9
- Lee CH, Nucci MR. Endometrial stromal sarcoma--the new genetic paradigm. Histopathology 2015;67:1-19 https://doi.org/10.1111/his.12594
- Santos P, Cunha TM. Uterine sarcomas: clinical presentation and MRI features. Diagn Interv Radiol 2015;21:4-9 https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2014.14053
- Ueda M, Otsuka M, Hatakenaka M, Sakai S, Ono M, Yoshimitsu K, et al. MR imaging findings of uterine endometrial stromal sarcoma: differentiation from endometrial carcinoma. Eur Radiol 2001;11:28-33 https://doi.org/10.1007/s003300000541
- Tse KY, Crawford R, Ngan HY. Staging of uterine sarcomas. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2011;25:733-749 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2011.05.011
- Ulrich UA, Denschlag D. Uterine adenosarcoma. Oncol Res Treat 2018;41:693-696 https://doi.org/10.1159/000494067
- Komaki R, Cox JD, Hansen RM, Gunn WG, Greenberg M. Malignant lymphoma of the uterine cervix. Cancer 1984;54:1699-1704 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19841015)54:8<1699::AID-CNCR2820540836>3.0.CO;2-E
- Harris NL, Scully RE. Malignant lymphoma and granulocytic sarcoma of the uterus and vagina. A clinicopathologic analysis of 27 cases. Cancer 1984;53:2530-2545 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19840601)53:11<2530::AID-CNCR2820531127>3.0.CO;2-J
- Goto N, Oishi-Tanaka Y, Tsunoda H, Yoshikawa H, Minami M. Magnetic resonance findings of primary uterine malignant lymphoma. Magn Reson Med Sci 2007;6:7-13 https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.6.7
- Suzuki Y, Tamaki Y, Hasegawa M, Maebayashi K, Mitsuhashi N. Magnetic resonance images of primary malignant lymphoma of the uterine body: a case report. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2000;30:519-521 https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyd125