Journal of Conservation Science (보존과학회지)

The Korean Society Of Conservation Science For Cultural Heritage (한국문화재보존과학회)
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Interpretation of Construction Procedure and Physicochemical Characteristics for Soil Layers from Sowangneung (Small Royal Tomb) of Ssangneung (Twin Tombs) in Iksan, Korea

익산 쌍릉 소왕릉 봉분 토층의 물리화학적 특성과 조영과정 해석

  • Chae, Joon (Dongbang Institute of Heritage) ;
  • Park, Seok Tae (Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Sciences, Kongju National University) ;
  • Cho, Ji Hyun (Buyeo National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Lee, Chan Hee (Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Sciences, Kongju National University)
  • 채준 ((재)동방문화재연구원) ;
  • 박석태 (국립공주대학교 문화재보존과학과) ;
  • 조지현 (국립부여문화재연구소) ;
  • 이찬희 (국립공주대학교 문화재보존과학과)
  • Received : 2021.11.01
  • Accepted : 2021.11.25
  • Published : 2021.12.20
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Abstract

The Iksan Ssangneung (twin tombs), a pair of tombs comprising the Daewangneung (large royal tomb) and the Sowangneung (small royal tomb), were constructed in the typical style of stone tunnel and chamber tombs in the Baekje Kingdom during the Sabi period (538 to 660 AD) of ancient Korea. Soil layers exposed during excavation of Sowangneung in a trench east of the tomb are: the bottommost layer, the ground level layer, the Panchuk (rammed earth) layer of the Baekje, the layer created by a grave robbery, and soil recovered during the Japanese colonial period. Soil samples were obtained by segmenting an easy stratigraphic horizon into sub categorized soil layers, and their material properties were analyzed; they are composed mainly of sandy loam based on the particle size distributions. In the site foundation, loamy sand is packed in the bottommost layer, and sandy loam with high sand and silty sand fills most of the overlying layer. The central and topmost portion of the Baekje layer is composed of loam with high clay content. All soil layers show geochemical behaviors similar to those of the bottommost layer. X-ray diffraction analysis verified kaolinite in all layers, also observed in soil layers displaying high crystallinity. Kaolinite and halloysite were identified by scanning electron microscopy. Thus, we conclude that the Baekje layer of the Sowangneung is composed of sandy loam containing kaolin procured from near the site. An impermeable middle to upper layer was created using viscous loam. The top of the tomb was closed tightly.

익산 쌍릉은 대왕릉과 소왕릉을 포함하는 명칭으로 백제 사비기(538~660 AD)의 횡혈식석실묘이다. 소왕릉의 발굴과정에서 노출된 봉분 동측 토층은 하부로부터 기반층, 정지층, 백제시대 판축층, 도굴층 및 일제강점기 복토층으로 나눌 수 있다. 이 연구를 위해 층준을 세분하여 시료를 확보하고 재료학적 특성을 분석하였다. 토층의 입도분석 결과, 대체로 사양토의 토성을 보이며, 백제시대 판축토층에서는 양질사토가 성토되어 있고 그 위로 사양토가 판축의주를 이룬다. 백제층의 중앙부와 최상부에는 점토 함량이 많고 일정한 입도를 가진 양토를 사용하였다. 모든 토층은 층위에 따라 약간의 차이가 있지만, 유사한 지구화학적 거동특성을 보여 토양의 모재와 성인은 거의 같은 것으로 나타났다. X-선 회절분석으로 모든 층위에서 카올리나이트를 동정하였으며, 주사전자현미경으로 카올리나이트와 할로이사이트를 확인하였다. 따라서 소왕릉 봉분의 백제시대 판축토층은 유적 일대에서 조달한 고령토가 함유된 사양토로 성토하였으며, 중상부에 점성이 강한 양토를 사용하여 불투수층을 조성하고 봉분 최상부를 밀실하게 마감한 것으로 해석된다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 연구는 문화재청 국립문화재연구소 문화유산조사연구사업인 '백제 후기 능원 학술조사연구(NRICH-2105-A56F)'의 지원을 받아 수행한 결과임을 명기하며 이에 깊이 감사한다. 또한 현장조사와 시료수습에 적극 협조해 주신 마한백제문화연구소의 이문형 박사님과 김중엽 선생님께 깊은 사의를 표한다.

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