Particle and aerosol research (한국입자에어로졸학회지)

Korean Association for Particle and Aerosol Research (한국입자에어로졸학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Estimation of air pollutant emissions from heavy industry sector in North Korea

북한의 중공업 부문 대기오염물질 배출량 추정

  • Lee, Young Won (Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Kim, Yong Pyo (Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Yeo, Min Ju (Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University)
  • 이영원 (이화여자대학교 화학신소재공학과) ;
  • 김용표 (이화여자대학교 화학신소재공학과) ;
  • 여민주 (이화여자대학교 환경공학과)
  • Received : 2021.10.15
  • Accepted : 2021.12.14
  • Published : 2021.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study aims to estimate the amount of air pollutants emitted from heavy industry facilities in North Korea. To compare the emission in 2017 from the heavy industry sector in North Korea with South Korea, the heavy industry sector was classified with the South Korean classification (Matching Heavy Industry sector) and air pollutant emissions by Matching Heavy Industry sector in North Korea were estimated. The CO, NOx and SOx emissions of Matching Heavy Industry sector in North Korea are 22%, 73%, and 31% of the emission in South Korea, respectively. The air pollutant emissions in the Matching Heavy Industry sector in North Korea for CO, NOx and SOx were 0.6%, 124%, and 24% of the total air pollutant emission in North Korea estimated from EDGAR, respectively. As for the distribution of emissions by administrative district of the Matching Heavy Industry sector in North Korea, NOx was concentrated in the western part of North Korea, and CO and SOx emissions were concentrated in Hamgyong-bukto.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 연구는 2021년도 정부(교육부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원(NRF-2020R1I1A1A01054651) 을 받아 수행하였으며, 이에 감사드립니다.

References

  1. Bae, M., Kim, H.C., Kim, B.U., and Kim, S. (2018). PM2.5 Simulations for the Seoul Metropolitan Area: (V) Estimation of North Korean Emission Contribution, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 34(2), 294-305. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2018.34.2.294
  2. Chu, J.M. (2018). Cooperation for air pollution between South Korea and North Korea, Workshop on Special Committee on Air Pollution in the Korean Peninsula, Held August 21, 2018, Seoul. (in Korean)
  3. Crippa, M., Solazzo, E., Huang, G., Guizzardi, D., Koffi, E., Muntean, M., Schieberle, C., Friedrich, R., and Janssens-Maenhout, G. (2020). High resolution temporal profiles in the emissions database for global atmospheric research, Scientific Data, 7(1), 121. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0462-2, Accessed September 16, 2021.
  4. Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) (2020). EDGARv5.0 air pollutants, https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/over-view.php?v=50_AP, Accessed September 16, 2021.
  5. Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) (2020). https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/emissions_ data_and_maps, Accessed October 2, 2021.
  6. Industrial Statistics Analysis System (ISTANS) (2021). Key indicators of major industries, https://www.istans.or.kr/re/reIndex_view01.do?chn=1, accessed December 02, 2021.
  7. International Energy Agency (IEA) (2018). CO2 emissions from fuel combustion 2018 highlights. Paris.
  8. Kim, B.U., Hong, Y.K., Lee, Y.S., Yang, S.P., Hyun, G.W., and Yi, G.H. (2021). Emission characteristics and coefficients of air pollutants in iron and steel manufacturing facilities, Journal of Environmental Health Sciences, 47(3), 259-266. https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2021.47.3.259
  9. Kim, I.S., and Kim, Y.P. (2019). Characteristics of energy usage and emissions of air pollutants in North Korea, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 35(1), 125-137. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5572/kosae.2019.35.1.125
  10. Kim, I.S., Lee, J.Y., and Kim, Y.P. (2013). Impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from North Korea to the air quality in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea, Atmospheric Environment, 70, 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.12.040
  11. Kim, N.K., Kim, Y.P., Morino, Y., Kurokawa, J., and Ohara, T. (2014). Verification of NOx emission inventories over North Korea, Environmental Pollution, 195, 236-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.034
  12. Kim, S.M., Kim, S.H., and Lee, H.B. (2017). Trends and status of thermoelectric power plant in North Korea, The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers, 364-365. (in Korean with English abstract)
  13. Kim, Y.P. (2006). Air pollution in Seoul caused by aerosols, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 22(5), 535-553. (in Korean with English abstract)
  14. Korea Development Bank (KDB) (2020). 2020 The North Korea's industry I, Seoul. (in Korean)
  15. Korea Development Bank (KDB) (2020). 2020 The North Korea's industry II, Seoul. (in Korean)
  16. Korean Standard Industry Classification (KSIC) (2017). Korean standard industrial classification, https://kssc.kostat.go.kr:8443/ksscNew_web/link.do?gubun=001, Accessed August 1, 2021.
  17. Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS) (2020). Major statistical indicators of North Korea, Seoul. (in Korean)
  18. Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS) (2021). Primary energy supply (caloric value), https://ko-sis.kr/bukhan/index/index.do, Accessed September 15, 2021.
  19. Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS) (2021). Statistical data: capacity utilization rate, https://meta.narastat.kr/ metasvc/index.do?iemInputNo=0000094384319, Accessed September 03, 2021.
  20. Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS) (2021). Statistical data: production capacity, https://met-a.narastat.kr/metasvc/inde-x.do?iemInputNo=0000094384319, Accessed September 03, 2021.
  21. Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS) (2021). Statistical data: production output, https://met-a.narastat.kr/metasvc/index.do?iemInputNo=0000094384319, Accessed September 03, 2021.
  22. Kurokawa, J., and Ohara, T. (2020). Long-term historical trends in air pollutant emissions in Asia: regional emission inventory in Asia (REAS) version 3, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 20, 12761-12793, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12761-2020.
  23. Ministry of Unification (MOU) (2021). 2021_ under- standing North Korea, Seoul. (in Korean)
  24. National Coordinating Committee for Environment (NCCE) (2012). DPR Korea's second national communication on climate change, Pyongyang.
  25. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) (2016). National air pollutant emission calculation method handbook (III), Incheon. (in Korean)
  26. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) (2020). Emissions of pollutants by sector and species, Incheon. (in Korean)
  27. Richter, A., Burrows, J.P., Nuss, H., Granier, C., and Niemeier, U. (2005). Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space, Nature, 437, 129-132. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04092
  28. Shaddick, G., Thomas, M.L., Amini, H., Broday, D., Cohen, A., Frostad, J., Green, A., Gumy, S., Liu, Y., Martin, R.V., Pruss-ustun, A., Simpson, D., van Donkelaar, A., and Brauer, M. (2018). Data integration for the assessment of population exposure to ambient air pollution for global burden of disease assessment, Environmental Science & Technology, 52(16), 9069-9078. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02864
  29. World Health Organization (WHO) (2017). World health statistics 2017: monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva, Switzerland.
  30. World Health Organization (WHO) (2019). World health statistics 2019: monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva, Switzerland.
  31. Yeo, M.J., and Kim, Y.P. (2018). Electricity supply trend and operating statuses of coal-fired power plants in North Korea using the facility-specific data produced by North Korea: characterization and recommendations, Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 11, 979-992, DOI: 10.1007/s11869-018-0601-5.
  32. Yeo, M.J., and Kim, Y.P. (2019). The state of the air quality and measures for improving it in North Korea, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 35(3), 318-335. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5572/kosae.2019.35.3.318
  33. Yeo, M.J., Seo, J.H., and Kim, Y.P. (2019). Temporal and spatial characteristics of visibility in North Korea, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 35(6), 726-740. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5572/kosae.2019.35.6.726