References
- Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography: an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2277-2284. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra072149
- Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, McHugh K, Lee C, Kim KP, et al. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2012;380:499-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60815-0
- Nikkila A, Raitanen J, Lohi O, Auvinen A. Radiation exposure from computerized tomography and risk of childhood leukemia: Finnish register-based case-control study of childhood leukemia (FRECCLE). Haematologica. 2018;103:1873-1880. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2018.187716
- Nikkila A, Raitanen J, Lohi O, Auvinen A. Radiation exposure from computerized tomography and risk of childhood leukemia: Finnish register-based case-control study of childhood leukemia (FRECCLE). Haematologica. 2020;105:849-850. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2019.245704
- Meulepas JM, Ronckers CM, Smets AM, Nievelstein RA, Gradowska P, Lee C, et al. Radiation exposure from pediatric CT scans and subsequent cancer risk in the Netherlands. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019;111:256-263. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djy104
- Huang R, Liu X, He L, Zhou PK. Radiation exposure associated with computed tomography in childhood and the subsequent risk of cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Dose Response. 2020;18:1559325820923828.
- Lee C, Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Harbron RW, Little MP, McHugh K, et al. Reduction in radiation doses from paediatric CT scans in Great Britain. Br J Radiol. 2016;89:20150305.
- Pace E, Borg M. Optimisation of a paediatric CT brain protocol: a figure-of-merit approach. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2018;182: 394-404.
- Strauss KJ, Somasundaram E, Sengupta D, Marin JR, Brady SL. Radiation dose for pediatric CT: comparison of pediatric versus adult imaging facilities. Radiology. 2019;291:158-167. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2019181753
- Smith-Bindman R, Wang Y, Chu P, Chung R, Einstein AJ, Balcombe J, et al. International variation in radiation dose for computed tomography examinations: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2019;364:k4931.
- Muhogora WE, Ahmed NA, Alsuwaidi JS, Beganovic A, CirajBjelac O, Gershan V, et al. Paediatric CT examinations in 19 developing countries: frequency and radiation dose. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010;140:49-58. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncq015
- Takahashi F, Sato K, Endo A, Ono K, Yoshitake T, Hasegawa T, et al. WAZA-ARI: computational dosimetry system for X-ray CT examinations. I: Radiation transport calculation for organ and tissue doses evaluation using JM phantom. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2011;146:241-243. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncr160
- Ban N, Takahashi F, Ono K, Hasegawa T, Yoshitake T, Katsunuma Y, et al. WAZA-ARI: computational dosimetry system for X-ray CT examinations. II: Development of web-based system. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2011;146:244-247. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncr161
- Ban N, Takahashi F, Sato K, Endo A, Ono K, Hasegawa T, et al. Development of a web-based CT dose calculator: WAZA-ARI. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2011;147:333-337. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncr333
- Koba Y. Summary of the dose assessment tool for diagnostic X-ray CT, WAZA-ARIv2. Hoshasen Seibutsu Kenkyu. 2016;51:141-154.
- The Radiation Imaging Section of the Japanese Society of Radiological Technology. Standardization in X-Ray CT imaging: GALACTIC. 2nd ed. Tokyo, Japan: Ohmsha; 2019.
- Mazonakis M, Tzedakis A, Damilakis J, Gourtsoyiannis N. Thyroid dose from common head and neck CT examinations in children: is there an excess risk for thyroid cancer induction? Eur Radiol. 2007;17:1352-1357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-006-0417-9
- Kamei O, Ojima M, Yoshitake T, Ono K, Nishijima K, Kai M. Calculating patient-specific organ doses from adult body CT scans by Monte Carlo analysis using male-individual voxel phantoms. Health Phys. 2015;108:44-52. https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000000170
- Bolch WE, Eckerman K, Endo A, Hunt JG, Jokisch DW, Kim CH, et al. ICRP Publication 143: Paediatric reference computational phantoms. Ann ICRP. 2020;49:5-297.
- Japan Network for Research and Information on Medical Exposures. National diagnostic reference levels in Japan [Internet]. Kyoto, Japan: Japanese Society of Radiological Technology; 2020 [cited 2021 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.radher.jp/J-RIME/report/DRL2020_Engver.pdf.
- Matsubara K, Matsunaga Y, Yanagawa N, Muramatsu Y, Ida Y, Suzuki S, et al. [Survey of recognition, utilization, and evaluation for diagnostic reference levels in the field of X-ray computed tomography]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi. 2018;74:700-707. https://doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.2018_JSRT_74.7.700
- Ideguchi R, Yoshida K, Ohtsuru A, Takamura N, Tsuchida T, Kimura H, et al. The present state of radiation exposure from pediatric CT examinations in Japan-what do we have to do? J Radiat Res. 2018;59(suppl_2):ii130-ii136. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrx095