Journal of the Korea Convergence Society (한국융합학회논문지)

Korea Convergence Society (한국융합학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Differences in Self- and Other-concept in the Single and Complex Trauma Type Groups

단순 및 복합외상 유형 집단의 자기-와 타인-개념의 차이: 자극 제시시간에 따른 정보처리 편향을 중심으로

  • Kim, YeSeul (Kangwon National University, Department of Psychology) ;
  • Lee, Jong-Sun (Kangwon National University, Department of Psychology)
  • Received : 2020.11.23
  • Accepted : 2021.02.20
  • Published : 2021.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate whether there would be differences in the severity of PTSD symptoms, self and others concepts between trauma types. Among 166 university students, 61 (simple trauma's n = 31, complex trauma's n = 30) finally met the criteria and completed the Life Events Checklist, Impact of the Event Scale-Revised, and the emotional Stroop task. The results were as follows: firstly, PTSD symptoms were higher in complex trauma group than single trauma group. Secondly, response time in the complex trauma group was longer in the condition that the negative word related to 'self' was presented for 2 seconds compared to the single trauma group. These results suggest that the complex trauma group has different features at least in the severity of PTSD symptoms and the concept of the self, compared with the single trauma group. Finally, the therapeutic implications and limitations of the study were discussed.

본 연구에서는 외상 유형(단순 외상과 복합 외상)에 따라 PTSD 증상의 심각도와 자기 및 타인개념에 차이가 있는지를 확인하고자 하였다. 총 166명의 대학생 및 대학원생들 중 단순 외상(n=31)과 복합 외상(n=30)으로 분류된 참여자들의 자료를 최종 분석에 포함하였다. 참여자들은 생활사건 체크리스트(LEC), 개정된 사건 충격 척도(IES-R)와 E-prime으로 제작된 정서 스트룹 과제를 수행하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 단순 외상 집단보다 복합 외상 집단에서 더 높은 수준의 PTSD 증상이 나타났다. 둘째, 스트룹 과제에서 부정적인 자기개념을 반영하는 단어를 2초 제시한 조건에서 복합 외상 집단이 단순 외상 집단보다 반응시간이 더 길었다. 이러한 결과는 복합 외상 집단과 단순 외상 집단이 적어도 PTSD 증상 및 자기개념에 다른 특성을 가지고 있다는 것을 제안한다. 마지막으로, 본 연구의 의의와 한계점에 대해 논의하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. APA. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Arlington, VA. : American Psychiatric Publishing.
  2. E. P. Solomon & K. M. Heide (1999). Type III trauma: Toward a more effective conceptualization of psychological trauma. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 43, 202-210. DOI : 10.1177/0306624x99432007
  3. C. Tremblay, M. Hebert & C. Piche. (2000). Type I and type II posttraumatic stress disorder in sexually abused children. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 9, 65-90. DOI : /10.1300/j070v09n01_05
  4. R. C. Kessler, A. Sonnega, E. Bromet, M. Hughes, & C. B. Nelson. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060. DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012
  5. Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1993). Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 61, 984-991. DOI : 10.1037/e517302011-521
  6. Schumacher et al. (2010). The relationship of two types of trauma exposure to current physical and psychological symptom distress in a community sample of colombian women: why interpersonal violence deserves more attention. Health care for women international, 31, 946-961. DOI : 10.1080/07399332.2010.503290
  7. S. H. Kim, & K. L. Yu. (2020). A Validation Study of the Korean Version of the Complex Trauma Inventory. Journal of Rehabilitation Psychology, 27(3), 27-48. DOI : 10.35734/karp.2020.27.3.002
  8. J. M. Lee. (2020). Psychotherapy of Complex PTSD: Focus on a Phase-Based Approach. The Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 39(2), 307-333. DOI : 10.22257/kjp.2020.6.39.2.307
  9. G. E. Lee, J. H. Lee, & D. Y. Kim. (2020). Influence of Dating Violence on the Borderline Personality Tendency: Moderated Mediating Effect of Complex Posttraumatic Stress through Resilience and Social Support. Clinical Psychology in Korea: Research and Practice, 6, 69-96. DOI : 10.15842/cprp.2020.6.1.069
  10. C. S. Widom., S. J. Czaja., & M. A. Dutton, (2008). Childhood victimization and lifetime revictimization. Child abuse & neglect, 32(8), 785-796. DOI : 10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.12.006
  11. A. E. Jaffe., D. DiLillo, K. L. Gratz, & T. L. Messman- Moore, (2019). Risk for revictimization following interpersonal and noninterpersonal trauma: Clarifying the role of posttraumatic stress symptoms and trauma-related cognitions. Journal of traumatic stress, 32(1), 42-55. DOI : 10.1002/jts.22372
  12. J. L. Herman. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of traumatic stress, 5, 377-391 DOI : 10.1002/jts.2490050305
  13. S. Roth, E. Newman, D. Pelcovitz, B. Van Der Kolk, & F. S. Mandel. (1997). Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: Results from the DSM-IV field trial for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of traumatic stress, 10, 539-555. DOI : 10.1002/jts.2490100403
  14. M. Cloitre, D. W. Garvert, C. R. Brewin, R. A. Bryant, & A. Maercker. (2013). Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: A latent profile analysis. European journal of psychotraumatology, 4, 20706. DOI : 10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20706
  15. A. Nickerson, M. Cloitre, R. A. Bryant, U. Schnyder, N. Morina, & M. Schick. (2016). The factor structure of complex posttraumatic stress disorder in traumatized refugees. European journal of psychotraumatology, 7, 1-12. DOI : 10.3402/ejpt.v7.33253
  16. M. Ben-Ezra et al. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as per ICD-11 proposals: A population study in Israel. Depression and anxiety, 35, 264-274. DOI : 10.1002/da.22723
  17. T. Karatzias et al. (2016). An initial psychometric assessment of an ICD-11 based measure of PTSD and complex PTSD (ICD-TQ): Evidence of construct validity. Journal of anxiety disorders, 44, 73-79. DOI : 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.10.009
  18. Kazlauskas, E., Zelviene, P., Daniunaite, I., Hyland, P., Kvedaraite, M., Shevlin, M., & Cloitre, M. (2020). The structure of ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD in adolescents exposed to potentially traumatic experiences. Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 169-174. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.061
  19. C. R. Brewin et al. (2017). A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD. Clinical psychology review, 58, 1-15. DOI : 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.001
  20. A. Elklit, P. Hyland, & M. Shevlin. (2014). Evidence of symptom profiles consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in different trauma samples. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 24221. DOI : 10.3402/ejpt.v5.24221
  21. S. Palic, G. Zerach, M. Shevlin, Z. Zeligman, A. Elklit, & Z. Solomon. (2016). Evidence of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) across populations with prolonged trauma of varying interpersonal intensity and ages of exposure. Psychiatry Research, 246, 692-699. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.062
  22. T. Karatzias, P. Hyland, A. Bradley, M. Cloitre, N. P. Roberts, J. I. Bisson, & M. Shevlin. (2019). Risk factors and comorbidity of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: Findings from a trauma-exposed population based sample of adults in the United Kingdom. Depression and anxiety, 36, 887-894. DOI : 10.1002/da.22934
  23. H. K. Kim. (2012). Difference on Complex PTSD and PTSD symptoms according to types of traumatic events in North Korean Refugees. The Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 31, 1003-1022.
  24. J. S. Jeong & H. N. Ahn. (2008). School Violence in Adolescents as a Complex Trauma. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 20, 145-160.
  25. T. Karatzias et al. (2019). Is self-compassion a worthwhile therapeutic target for ICD-11 Complex PTSD (CPTSD)?. Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy, 47(3), 257-269. DOI : 10.1017/S1352465818000577
  26. E. J. Jeakal & C. I. Ahn. (2012). Cognitive bias phenomenon of depressed patients in the Emotional Stroop Task. The Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 31, 111-126. DOI : 10.1037/e714662007-001
  27. M. M. Khanna et al. (2016). Attention training normalises combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder effects on emotional Stroop performance using lexically matched word lists. Cognition and Emotion, 30, 1521-1528. DOI : 10.1080/02699931.2015.1076769
  28. C. E. Wittekind, C. Muhtz, S. Moritz, & L. Jelinek (2017). Performance in a blocked versus randomized emotional Stroop task in an aged, early traumatized group with and without posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 54, 35-43. DOI : 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.06.003
  29. P. Kinderman. (1994). Attentional bias, persecutory delusions and the self-concept. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 67, 53-66. DOI : 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1994.tb01770.x
  30. H. J. Lee. (2000). Attentional Bias, Memory Bias and the Self-Concept in Paranoia. Psychological science, 9, 77-99.
  31. K. Mogg, B. P. Bradley, R. Williams, & A. Mathews. (1993). Subliminal processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression. Journal of abnormal psychology, 102, 304-311. DOI : 10.1037/0021-843x.102.2.304
  32. S. L. Lim, & J. H. Kim. (2005). Cognitive processing of emotional information in depression, panic, and somatoform disorder. Journal of abnormal psychology, 114, 50-61. DOI : 10.1037/0021-843x.114.1.50
  33. K. Mogg & B. P. Bradley. (2005). Attentional bias in generalized anxiety disorder versus depressive disorder. Cognitive therapy and research, 29, 29-45. DOI : 10.1007/s10608-005-1646-y
  34. B. P. Bradley, K. Mogg & R. Williams. (1995). Implicit and explicit memory for emotion-congruent information in clinical depression and anxiety. Behaviour research and therapy, 33, 755-770. DOI : 10.1016/0005-7967(95)00029-w
  35. T. Dalgleish, R. Taghavi, H. Neshat-Doost, A. Moradi, W. Yule & R. Canterbury. (1997). Information processing in clinically depressed and anxious children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 535-541. DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01540.x
  36. P. Graf, & G. Mandler (1984). Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 553-568. DOI : 10.1016/s0022-5371(84)90346-3
  37. S. J. Oh & K. J. Oh.. (2011). The Effect of Anxiety on Explicit Memory Bias: Cognitive Avoidance of Threat Words and Preferential Processing of Uncertain Words. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, 39-54. DOI : 10.15842/kjcp.2011.30.1.003
  38. D. Friedman. (2007). ERP studies of recognition memory: differential effects of familiarity, recollection, and episodic priming. New research in cognitive sciences, New York : Nova Science Publishers.
  39. Y. Li, Q. Li & C. Guo. (2009). Differences of relevance in implicit and explicit memory tests: An ERP study. Chinese Science Bulletin, 54, 2669-2680. DOI : 10.1007/s11434-009-0396-8
  40. H. N. Ahn. (2007). An Empirical Review of Complex Trauma. The Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 26, 105-119.
  41. H. J. Lee & H. S. Jang. (2014). The Mediating Effects of Maladaptive Schemas in the Relationship between Multi & Complex trauma and Interpersonal Problem in Adolescents. Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Korea, 14, 39-59.
  42. D. D. Blake, F. W. Weathers, L. M. Nagy, D. G. Kaloupek, F. D. Gusman, D. S. Charney & T. M. Keane (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of traumatic stress, 8, 75-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490080106
  43. H. L. Bae, D. H. Kim, H. R. Koh, Y. S. Kim & J. S. Park. (2008). Psychometric properties of the life events checklist-Korean version. Psychiatry investigation, 5, 163-167. DOI : 10.4306/pi.2008.5.3.163
  44. M. Horowitz, N. Wilner & W. Alvarez. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic medicine, 41, 209-218. DOI : 10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004
  45. D. S. Weiss. (1997). The impact of event scale: revised. In Cross-cultural assessment of psychological trauma and PTSD, Berlin : Springer.
  46. H. J. Eun, T. W. Kwon, S. M. Lee, T. H. Kim, M. R. Choi & S. J. Cho. (2005). A study on Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 44, 303-310.
  47. I. J. Park & K. H. Min. (2005). Making a List of Korean Emotion Terms and Exploring Dimensions Underlying Them. The Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 19, 109-129.
  48. T. J. Park. (2004). Investigation of Association Frequency and Imagery Value of Korean Words. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 16, 237-260.
  49. M. G. Choi. (2005). Attentional Bias Effect across the Emotional Valence in Normal Population. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 17, 111-130.
  50. I. Y. Han, J. Y. Lee & S. S. Koo. (2009). The Relationship on Traumatic Events Experienced by Soldiers in Public Service and PTSD symptoms, depression and social support. Korean Academy of Military Social Welfare, 2, 25-51.
  51. B. T. Lee., B. J. Ham, N. H. Choi, J. Ryu., D. H. Lee., M. H. Son & N. H. Kang. (2008). Neural Substrates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study Using Negative Priming Task. Journal of Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry, 15, 110-117.
  52. H. N. Ahn, J. Y. Jang & H. N. Cho. (2009). Conceptualizing Complex Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome as the Disruption of Self-System. The Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 28, 283-301.
  53. Y. S. Gim. (2005). The relationship of early parent attachment and borderline personality features mediating maladaptives chema. Master's dissertation, Ajou University, Suwon.
  54. J. M. Lee & C. H. Hong. (2008). The Complex Post-Tramatic Stress Disorder of Prostituted Women. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 20, 553-580.
  55. K. A. McMillan & G. J. Asmundson (2016). PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and trauma: An examination of the influence of trauma type on comorbidity using a nationally representative sample. Psychiatry research, 246, 561-567. DOI : 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.036
  56. T. Oktedalen, A. Hoffart & T. F. Langkaas. (2015). Trauma-related shame and guilt as time-varying predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during imagery exposure and imagery rescripting-A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy Research, 25, 518-532. DOI : 10.1080/10503307.2014.917217
  57. Z. V. Segal, J. E. Hood, B. F. Shaw, & E. T. Higgins. (1988). A structural analysis of the self-schema construct in major depression. Cognitive therapy and research, 12, 471-485. DOI : 10.1007/bf01173414
  58. A. P. Yonelinas. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of memory and language, 46, 441-517. DOI : 10.1006/jmla.2002.2864
  59. Y. Bar-Haim, D. Lamy, L. Pergamin, M. J. Bakermans-Kranenburg & M. H. Van Ijzendoorn. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study. Psychological bulletin, 133, 1-24. DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1
  60. H. N. Ahn. (2005). An Exploratory Study on The Effects of Psychological Trauma on Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Personality Characteristics in Adolescents. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 17, 217-231.
  61. J. M. Kim, & D. Cicchetti. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 706-716. DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x
  62. H. J. Heo, H. G. Park, M. S. Chang & H. W. Kwak. (2017). Attentional Bias Toward Relevant Stimuli in Tendencies of Smartphone Addiction - A Focus on the Emotional Stroop Task andthe Dot-Probe Task. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 22, 137-153. DOI : 10.17315/kjhp.2017.22.1.008
  63. G. J. Demakis. (2004). Frontal lobe damage and tests of executive processing: a meta-analysis of the category test, stroop test, and trail-making test. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 26, 441-450. DOI : 10.1080/13803390490510149
  64. Y. R. Cho. (2012). Factor structure, convergent and discriminative validity of a Korean version of the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory(PTCI) in a sample of traumatized undergraduates. Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Korea, 12, 369-391.
  65. H. J. Choi & H. J. Lee. (2016). Development and validation of the Traumatized Identity Questionnaire (TIQ). Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 615-629. DOI : 10.15842/kjcp.2016.35.3.003
  66. J. Y. Jang & H. N. Ahn. (2011). Development and Validation of Traumatized Self-System Scale. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 23, 359-385.
  67. O. J. Ko, J. Y. Jang, & J. Y. Lee. (2015). The Mediating Effect of Traumatized Self-System between Fear or Intimacy and Exposure to Interpersonal Trauma: Multi-Group Analysis upon Self-Compassion Level. Journal of Social Science, 26(3), 81-101. DOI : 10.16881/jss.2015.07.26.3.81
  68. M. J. Kim & H. T. Kim. (2017). Analyses on Attention Bias towards High-calorie Food and Brain Activity by Level of Restrained Eating and Risk of Eating disorder. Proceedings of HCI Korea 2017 a collection of papers presented at an academic conference, 1051-1054.
  69. H. J. Koo & J. H. Kwon. (2015). Attentional bias in social anxiety : Differential effect of threat-induced engagement, disengagement and avoidance. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 707-746. DOI : 10.15842/kjcp.2015.34.3.007