Acknowledgement
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
References
- National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2004;114:555-76. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.2.S2.555
- Rademacher ER, Jacobs DR Jr, Moran A, Steinberger J, Prineas RJ, Sinaiko A. Relation of blood pressure and body mass index during childhood to cardiovascular risk factor levels in young adults. J Hypertens 2009;27:1766-74. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832e8cfa
- Falkner B, Lurbe E. Primary hypertension beginning in childhood and risk for future cardiovascular disease. J Pediatr 2021;238:16-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.08.008
- Falkner B, Gidding S. Life-course implications of pediatric risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Can J Cardiol 2021;37:766-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2021.02.001
- Wuhl E. Hypertension in childhood obesity. Acta Paediatr 2019;108:37-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14551
- Lurbe E, Agabiti-Rosei E, Cruickshank JK, Dominiczak A, Erdine S, Hirth A, et al. 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens 2016;34:1887-920. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001039
- Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, Blowey D, Carroll AE, Daniels SR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2017;140:e20171904. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1904
- Tran AH, Urbina EM. Hypertension in children. Curr Opin Cardiol 2020;35:376-80. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000744
- Bonito PD, Licenziati MR, Baroni MG, Maffeis C, Morandi A, Manco M, et al. The American Academy of Pediatrics hypertension guidelines identify obese youth at high cardiovascular risk among individuals non-hypertensive by the European Society of Hypertension guidelines. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020;27:8-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319868326
- Blanchette E, Flynn JT. Implications of the 2017 AAP clinical practice guidelines for management of hypertension in children and adolescents: a review. Curr Hypertens Rep 2019;21:35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-019-0943-x
- Rosner B, Cook N, Portman R, Daniels S, Falkner B. Determination of blood pressure percentiles in normal-weight children: some methodological issues. Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:653-66. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm348
- Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Himmelfarb CD, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 2018;138:e426-83.
- Sharma AK, Metzger DL, Rodd CJ. Prevalence and severity of high blood pressure among children based on the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines. JAMA Pediatr 2018;172:557-65. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0223
- Khoury M, Khoury PR, Dolan LM, Kimball TR, Urbina EM. Clinical implications of the revised AAP pediatric hypertension guidelines. Pediatrics 2018;142:e20180245. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-0245
- Dong Y, Song Y, Zou Z, Ma J, Dong B, Prochaska JJ. Updates to pediatric hypertension guidelines: influence on classification of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens 2019;37:297-306. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001903
- Al Kibria GM, Swasey K, Sharmeen A, Day B. Estimated change in prevalence and trends of childhood blood pressure levels in the United States after application of the 2017 AAP guideline. Prev Chronic Dis 2019;16:E12. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd16.180528
- ESCAPE Trial Group, Wuhl E, Trivelli A, Picca S, Litwin M, PecoAntic A, et al. Strict blood-pressure control and progression of renal failure in children. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1639-50. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0902066
- Raile K, Galler A, Hofer S, Herbst A, Dunstheimer D, Busch P, et al. Diabetic nephropathy in 27,805 children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes: effect of diabetes duration, A1C, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes onset, and sex. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2523-8. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-0282
- Lurbe E, Redon J, Kesani A, Pascual JM, Tacons J, Alvarez V, et al. Increase in nocturnal blood pressure and progression to microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2002;347:797-805. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa013410
- Ho M, Garnett SP, Baur L, Burrows T, Stewart L, Neve M, et al. Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in child obesity: systematic review with meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2012;130:e1647-71. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-1176
- Elliott WJ, Meyer PM. Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta-analysis. Lancet 2007;369:201-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60108-1
- Mancia G, Grassi G, Zanchetti A. New-onset diabetes and antihypertensive drugs. J Hypertens 2006;24:3-10. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000194119.42722.21
- Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, Bohm M, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2013;31:1281-357. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000431740.32696.cc
- Macumber I, Flynn JT. Does treatment-resistant hypertension exist in children? A review of the evidence. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:969-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-019-04268-w
- White WB, Turner JR, Sica DA, Bisognano JD, Calhoun DA, Townsend RR, et al. Detection, evaluation, and treatment of severe and resistant hypertension: proceedings from an American Society of Hypertension Interactive Forum held in Bethesda, MD, U.S.A., October 10th 2013. J Am Soc Hypertens 2014;8:743-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2014.06.005
- Ahn SY, Gupta C. Genetic programming of hypertension. Front Pediatr 2018;5:285. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2017.00285