Korean Journal of Agricultural Science (농업과학연구)

Institute of Agricultural Science, CNU (충남대학교 농업과학연구소)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Influence of the supplementation of Achyranthes japonica extracts on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gas emission, fecal microbial, and meat quality traits of finishing pigs with different nutrition concentrations in the diet

  • Received : 2021.05.31
  • Accepted : 2021.09.02
  • Published : 2021.12.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of the supplementation of Achyranthes japonica extract (AJE) on overall performance levels with different nutrition concentrations in the diets of finishing pigs. Here, 140 finishing pigs with initial body weights of 50.18 ± 2.37 kg were used in a ten-week trial involving a 2 × 2 factorial design in two phases with the following factors: diet types with different nutrition concentrations (Positive control [PC] vs. Negative control [NC]) and 0 or 0.05% AJE supplementation to NC and PC diets. The PC diet was a basal diet, whereas the NC diet consisted of a 5% and 7% crude protein (CP) reduced basal diet during phase 1 (1 - 35 days) and phase 2 (36 - 70 days), respectively. A significant effect (p < 0.05) on the gain-to-feed ratio (G : F) was observed with interaction effects between the diets and AJE supplementation. However, during phase 1 and in all periods, the pigs fed the PC and NC diets with average daily feed intake (ADFI) tended to decrease compared to those fed diets with AJE. A significant effect (p = 0.0380) of E. coli was observed in pigs fed the PC and NC diets compared to AJE supplementation in phase 2 of the experiment. The backfat thickness (BFT) tended to decrease and the lean meat percentage (LMP) was significantly improved in phase 2 for pigs fed the PC and NC diets. In summary, BFT and LMP showed beneficial effects and fecal microbiota of E. coli counts were positively affected when pigs were fed diets with different nutrient concentrations.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors are gratefully acknowledged the Center for Bio-Medical Engineering Core-Facility at Dankook University for providing critical reagents and equipment.

References

  1. Alonso V, Campo MDM, Provincial L, Roncales P, Beltran JA. 2010. Effect of protein level in commercial diets on pork meat quality. Meat Science 85:7-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.11.015
  2. AOAC (Association of Analytical Chemists). 2000. Official methods of analysis. Vol. I. 17th ed. AOAC, Washington, D.C., USA.
  3. Beaulieu AD, Levesque CL, Patience JF. 2006. The effects of dietary energy concentration and weaning site on weanling pig performance. Journal of Animal Science 84:1159-1168. https://doi.org/10.2527/2006.8451159x
  4. Boyd RD, Castro GC, Cabrera RA. 2002. Nutrition and management of the sow to maximize lifetime productivity. Advances in Pork Production 13:47-59.
  5. Caridi A. 2002. Selection of Escherichia coli-inhibiting strains of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. Paracasei. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 29:303-308. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.7000300
  6. Castell AG, Cliplef RL, Poste-Flynn LM, Butler G. 1994. Performance, carcass and pork characteristics of castrates and gilts self-fed diets differing in protein content and lysine:energy ratio. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 74:519-528. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas94-073
  7. Chen Q, Liu Z, He JH. 2009. Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharide enhances immune response in weaned piglets. Immunopharmacology 31:253-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923970802439795
  8. Czech A, Kowalczuk E, Grela ER. 2009. The effect of a herbal extract used in pig fattening on the animals' performance and blood components. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, Zootechnica 27:25-33. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10083-009-0009-7
  9. Dang DX, Kim YM, Kim IH. 2020. Effects of a root extract from Achyranthes Japonica Nakai on the growth performance, blood profile, fecal microbial community, fecal gas emission, and meat quality of finishing pigs. Livestock Science 239:104160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104160
  10. De Jong JA, Tokach MD, McKinney LJ, DeRouchey JM, Goodband RD, Nelssen JL, Dritz SS. 2012. Effects of corn particle size, complete diet grinding, and diet form on finishing pig growth performance, caloric efficiency, carcass characteristics, and economics. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA.
  11. Fang LH, Jin YH, Do SH, Hong JS, Kim BO, Han TH, Kim YY. 2019. Effects of dietary energy and crude protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 32:556-563. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0294
  12. Goerl KF, Eilert SJ, Mandigo RW, Chen HY, Miller PS. 1995. Pork characteristics as affected by two populations of swine and six crude protein levels. Journal of Animal Science 73:3621-3626. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.73123621x
  13. Grela ER. 2000. Influence of herb supplements in pig feeding on carcass traits and some organoleptic and chemical parameters of meat. Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki 6:167-171.
  14. Grzes M, Sadkowski S, Rzewuska K, Szydlowski M, Switonski M. 2016. Pig fatness in relation to FASN and INSIG2 genes polymorphism and their transcript level. Molecular Biology Reports 43:381-389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-016-3969-z
  15. Guay F, Donovan SM, Trottier NL. 2006. Biochemical and morphological developments are partially impaired in intestinal mucosa from growing pigs fed reduced-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Journal of Animal Science 84:1749-1760. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2005-558
  16. Ha DM, Kim GD, Han JC, Jeong JY, Park MJ, Park BC, Joo ST, Lee CY. 2010. Effects of dietary energy level on growth efficiency and carcass quality traits of finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science Technology 52:191-198. https://doi.org/10.5187/JAST.2010.52.3.191
  17. Hong JS, Lee GI, Jin XH, Kim YY. 2016. Effect of dietary energy levels and phase feeding by protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science Technology 58:37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-016-0119-z
  18. Honikel KO. 1998. Reference methods for the assessment of physical characteristic of meat. Meat Science 49:447-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(98)00034-5
  19. KAPE (Korea Institute for Animal Products Quality Evaluation). 2010. Animal products grade system: The pork carcass grading system. Accessed in http://www.ekape.or.kr/view/eng/system/ pork.asp on 20 September 2014.
  20. Kauffman RG, Eikelenboom G, van der Wal PG, Merkus G. 1986. The use of filter paper to estimate drip loss of porcine musculature. Meat Science 18:191-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1740(86)90033-1
  21. Kerr BJ, McKeith FK, Easter RA. 1995. Effect on performance and carcass characteristics of nursery to finisher pigs fed reduced crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets. Journal of Animal Science 73:433-440. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.732433x
  22. Kim SJ, Lee KW, Kang CW, An BK. 2016. Growth performance, relative meat and organ weights, cecal microflora, and blood characteristics in broiler chickens fed diets containing different nutrient density with or without essential oils. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 29:549-554. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0426
  23. Koreleski J, Swiatkiewicz S. 2007. Dietary supplementation with plant extracts, xantophylls and syntetic antioxidants: Effect on fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of frozen stored chicken breast meat. Journal of Animal Feed Science 16:463-471. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66802/2007
  24. Lee SG, Lee EJ, Park WD, Kim JB, Kim EO, Choi SW. 2012. Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoarthritis effects of fermented Achyranthes japonica Nakai. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 142:634-641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.020
  25. Lewis AJ, Southern LL. 2001. Swine nutrition. 2th ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.
  26. Lin B, Qiu J, Huang C, Li G, Huang Y. 2000. Effect of Chinese medicinal herbs on blood biochemical parameters of piglet early weaning diarrhea. Fujian Journal of Agricultural Science 15:37-40. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20013134515 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-0384.2000.04.008
  27. Liu M, Dai Y, Yao X, Li Y, Luo Y, Xia Y, Gong Z. 2008. Anti-rheumatoid arthritic effect of madecassoside on type II collagen-induced arthritis in mice. International Immunopharmacology 8:1561-1566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2008.06.011
  28. Liu X, Lee SI, Kim IH. 2020. Achyranthes japonica extracts supplementation to growing pigs positively influences growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial shedding, and fecal gas emission. Animal Bioscience 34:427-433. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.20.0012
  29. Marcincakova D, Certik M, Marcincak S, Popelka P, Simkova J, Klempova T, Petrovic V, Tuckova M, Baca M. 2011. Effect of dietary supplementation of Melissa officinalis and combination of Achillea millefolium and Crataegus oxyacantha on broiler growth performance, fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation of chicken meat. Italian Journal of Animal Science 10:165-170. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2011.e43
  30. Mohankumar T, Kim Y, Kim IH. 2020. Effect of dietary inclusion of Achyranthes japonica extract on growth performance, fecal microbiota, fecal gas emission, nutrient digestibility, and meat-carcass grade quality traits in finishing pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 101:298-306. https://doi.org/10.1139/CJAS-2020-0146
  31. Nasir Z, Grashorn MA. 2010. Effect of Echinacea purpurea and Nigella sativa supplementation on broiler performance, carcass and meat quality. Journal of Animal Feed Science 19:94-104.
  32. Nousiainen J, Setala J. 1993. Lactic acid bacteria as animal probiotics. In Lactic Acid Bacteria edited by Salminen S, von Wright A. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, USA.
  33. NPPC (National Pork Procedures Council). 1999. Pork composition and quality assessment procedures. NPPC, Des Moines, IA, USA.
  34. NRC (National Research Council). 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
  35. NRC (National Research Council). 2012. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th rev. ed. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
  36. Park HJ, Lee JS, Hong MS, Kim CJ, Kim JW, Lee HJ, Lim S. 2004. The anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of Achyranthes japonica Nakai. Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine 25:8-14.
  37. Park JH, Kang SN, Chu GM, Jin SK. 2014. Growth performance, blood cell profiles, and meat quality properties of broilers fed with Saposhnikovia divaricata, Lonicera japonica, and Chelidonium majus extracts. Livestock Science 165:87-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.04.014
  38. Park JH, Kim IH. 2019. Effects of dietary Achyranthes japonica extract supplementation on the growth performance, total tract digestibility, cecal microflora, excreta noxious gas emission, and meat quality of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 99:463-470. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez533
  39. Paschma J, Wawrzynski M. 2003. Effect of dietary herb supplement for pigs on growth parameters, slaughter traits and dietetic value of pork. Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki 30:79-88.
  40. Roongsitthichai A, Tummaruk P. 2014. Importance of backfat thickness to reproductive performance in female pigs. Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 44:171-178. https://doi.org/10.56808/2985-1130.2557
  41. Rounds L, Havens CM, Feinstein Y, Friedman M, Ravishankar S. 2012. Plant extracts, spices, and essential oils inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 and reduce formation of potentially carcinogenic heterocyclic amines in cooked beef patties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60:3792-3799. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf204062p
  42. Saleh EA, Watkins SE, Waldroup AL, Waldroup P. 2004. Effects of dietary nutrient density on performance and carcass quality of male broilers grown for further processing. International Journal of Poultry Science 3:1-10. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2004.1.10
  43. Sampath V, Shanmugam S, Park JH, Kim IH. 2020. The effect of black pepper (piperine) extract supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, fecal gas emission, and meat quality of finishing pigs. Animals 10:1965. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10111965
  44. Shimizu M. 2004. Food-derived peptides and intestinal functions. Biofactors 21:43-47. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.552210109
  45. Suarez-Belloch J, Latorre MA, Guada JA. 2016. The effect of protein restriction during the growing period on carcass, meat and fat quality of heavy barrows and gilts. Meat Science 112:16-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.10.006
  46. Sullivan ZM, Honeyman MS, Gibson LR, Prusa KJ. 2007. Effects of triticale-based diets on finishing pig performance and pork quality in deep-bedded hoop barns. Meat Science 76:428-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.12.002
  47. Thamaraikannan M, Kim IH. 2021. Influence of enzyme mixture supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal score in growing pigs. Korean Journal of Agricultural Science 48:201-207. https://doi.org/10.7744/kjoas.20210013
  48. Tjong-A-Hung AR, Hanson LE, Rust JW, Meade RJ. 1972. Effects of protein level sequence, and sex, on rate and efficiency of gain of growing swine, and on carcass characteristics including compositions of lean tissue. Journal of Animal Science 35:760-766. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1972.354760x
  49. Upadhaya SD, Lee KY, Kim IH. 2016. Effect of protected organic acid blends on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and faecal micro flora in growing pigs. Journal of Applied Animal Research 44:232-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2015.1031775
  50. Wahlstrom RC, Libal GW. 1983. Compensatory responses of swine following protein insufficiency in grower diets. Journal of Animal Science 56:118-124. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1983.561118x
  51. Windisch W, Schedle K, Plitzner C, Kroismayr A. 2008. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal of Animal Science 86:140-148. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0459
  52. Witte DP, Ellis M, McKeith FK, Wilson ER. 2000. Effect of dietary lysine level and environmental temperature during the finishing phase on the intramuscular fat content of pork. Journal of Animal Science 78:1272-1276. https://doi.org/10.2527/2000.7851272x
  53. Yan L, Kim IH. 2011. The apparent total tract digestibility, apparent ileal digestibility and fecal noxious gas content of growing pigs fed probiotics in diets. Wayamba Journal of Animal Science 3:121-123.
  54. Yan L, Meng QW, Kim IH. 2011a. The effect of an herb extract mixture on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics and fecal noxious gas content in growing pigs. Livestock Science 141:143-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.05.011
  55. Yan L, Meng QW, Kim IH. 2011b. The effects of dietary Houttuynia cordata and Taraxacum officinale extract powder on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics and meat quality in finishing pigs. Livestock Science 141:188-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.05.017
  56. Yen JT, Kerr BJ, Easter RA, Parkhurst AM. 2004. Difference in rates of net portal absorption between crystalline and protein-bound lysine and threonine in growing pigs fed once daily. Journal of Animal Science 82:1079-1090. https://doi.org/10.1093/ansci/82.4.1079
  57. Zhou P, Zhang L, Li J, Luo Y, Zhang B, Xing S, Zhu Y, Sun H, Gao F, Zhou G. 2015. Effects of dietary crud protein levels and cysteamine supplementation on protein synthetic and degradative signaling in skeletal muscle of finishing pigs. PLoS ONE 10:e139393. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139393