The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY (한국해양학회지:바다)

The Korean Society of Oceanography (한국해양학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on Future Changes of Sea Surface Temperature and Ocean Currents in Northwest Pacific through CMIP6 Model Analysis

CMIP6 모형 결과 분석을 통한 북서태평양 해면수온과 해류의 미래변화에 대한 고찰

  • JEONG, SUYEON (Division of Earth Environmental System Science (Major of Oceanography), Pukyong National University) ;
  • CHOI, SO HYEON (Department of Oceanography, Pukyong National University) ;
  • KIM, YOUNG HO (Department of Oceanography, Pukyong National University)
  • 정수연 (부경대학교 지구환경시스템과학부(해양학전공)) ;
  • 최소현 (부경대학교 해양학과) ;
  • 김영호 (부경대학교 해양학과)
  • Received : 2021.08.18
  • Accepted : 2021.08.26
  • Published : 2021.11.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

From the climate change scenario experiments of 21 models participating in Coupled Climate Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 6, future changes of sea surface temperature (SST) and Kuroshio in the Northwest Pacific were analyzed. The spatial feature of SST change was found to be related to the change of the current speed and spatial distribution of Kuroshio. To investigate the relationship between the change in latitude of the Kuroshio extension region, which flows along the boundary between the subtropical gyre and the subarctic gyre in the North Pacific, and the large-scale atmospheric circulation due to global warming, the zero-windstress curl line for each climate change experiment from 9 out of 21 models were compared. As the atmospheric radiative forcing increases due to the increase of greenhouse gases, it was confirmed that the zero-windstress curl line moves northward, which is consistent with the observation. These results indicate that as the Hadley Circulation expands to the north due to global warming, the warming of the mid-latitudes to which the Korean Peninsula belongs may be accelerated. The volume transport and temperature of the Tsushima Warm Current flowing into the East Sea through the Korea Strait also increased as the atmospheric radiative forcing increased.

Coupled Climate Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 6에 참여한 21개의 모형들의 기후변화 시나리오 실험 결과로부터 북서태평양 해면수온과 쿠로시오의 미래변화를 분석하였다. 해면수온 상승의 공간적인 특징은 쿠로시오의 공간적인 분포와 유속의 변화와 관련된 것으로 파악되었다. 북태평양에서 아열대 순환계와 아한대 순환계의 경계를 따라 흐르는 쿠로시오 확장역의 위치 변화와 지구온난화에 따른 대규모 대기순환과의 관계를 알아보기 위해 21개 모형 중 9개의 모형들의 기후변화 실험별로 zero-바람회전응력이 나타나는 위도를 비교하였다. 온실기체의 증가로 대기복사강제력이 커짐에 따라 zero-바람회전응력이 나타나는 위도가 북상하는 것을 확인하였으며, 이는 관측에서 나타난 zero-바람회전응력이 나타나는 위도가 북상하는 추세와 일치하는 결과이다. 이러한 결과는 지구온난화로 인해 해들리순환이 북쪽으로 확장함에 따라 한반도가 속한 중위도의 온난화가 가속될 수 있음을 나타낸다. 대한해협을 통해 동해로 유입되는 대마난류의 수송량과 온도 또한 대기복사강제력이 커짐에 따라 증가하였다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 논문은 부경대학교 자율창의학술연구비(2019년)에 의하여 연구되었음.

References

  1. 최아라, 박영규, 최희진, 2013. 기후모델에 나타난 미래기후에서 쓰시마난류의 변화와 그 영향. Ocean and Polar Research, 35(2): 127-134. https://doi.org/10.4217/OPR.2013.35.2.127
  2. Bao, Q. and J. Li, 2020. Progress in climate modeling of precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau. Natl. Sci. Rev., 7: 486-487. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa006
  3. Bao, Y., Z. Song and F. Qiao, 2020. FIO-ESM version 2.0: Model description and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 125.
  4. Beadling, R.L., J.L. Russell, R.J. Stouffer, M. Mazloff, L.D. Talley, P.J. Goodman, J.B. Sallee, H.T. Hewitt, P. Hyder and A. Pandde, 2020. Representation of Southern Ocean properties across Coupled Model Intercomparison Project generations: CMIP3 to CMIP6. J. Climate, 33: 6555-658. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0970.1
  5. Bi, D., M. Dix, S. Marsland, S. O'Farrell, A. Sullivan, R. Bodman, R. Law, I. Harman, J. Srbinovsky, H.A. Rashid, P. Dobrohotoff, C. Mackallah, H. Yan, A. Hirst, A. Savita, F.B. Dias, M. Woodhouse, R. Fiedler and A. Heerdegen, 2020. Configuration and spin-up of ACCESS-CM2, the new generation Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator Coupled Model. J. South. Hemisphere Earth Syst. Sci., 70: 225-251. https://doi.org/10.1071/ES19040
  6. Boucher, O., J. Servonnat, A. Albright, O. Aumont, Y. Balkanski, V. Bastrikov, S. Bekki, R. Bonnet, S. Bony, L. Bopp, P. Braconnot, P. Brockmann, P. Cadule, A. Caubel, F. Cheruy, F. Codron, A. Cozic, D. Cugnet, F. D'Andrea, P. Davini, C. de Lavergne, S. Denvil, J. Deshayes, M. Devilliers, A. Ducharne, J. Dufresne, E. Dupont, C. Ethe, L. Fairhead, L. Falletti, S. Flavoni, M. Foujols, S. Gardoll, G. Gastineau, J. Ghattas, J. Grandpeix, B. Guenet, L. Guez, E. Guilyardi, M. Guimberteau, D. Hauglustaine, F. Hourdin, A. Idelkadi, S. Joussaume, M. Kageyama, M. Khodri, G. Krinner, N. Lebas, G. Levavasseur, C. Levy, L. Li, F. Lott, T. Lurton, S. Luyssaert, G. Madec, J. Madeleine, F. Maignan, M. Marchand, O. Marti, L. Mellul, Y. Meurdesoif, J. Mignot, I. Musat, C. Ottle, P. Peylin, Y. Planton, J. Polcher, C. Rio, N. Rochetin, C. Rousset, P. Sepulchre, A. Sima, D. Swingedouw, R. Thieblemont, A. Traore, M. Vancoppenolle, J. Vial, J. Vialard, N. Viovy and N. Vuichard, 2020. Presentation and evaluation of the IPSL-CM6A-LR climate model. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 12(7): e2019MS002010.
  7. Cao, J., B. Wang, Y.-M. Yang, L. Ma, J. Li, B. Sun, Y. Bao, J. He, X. Zhou and L. Wu, 2018. The NUIST Earth System Model (NESM) version 3: description and preliminary evaluation. Geosci. Model Dev., 11: 2975-2993. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2975-2018
  8. Carton, J.A. and B. Giese, 2008. A Reanalysis of Ocean Climate Using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA), Mon. Weath. Rev., 136: 2999-3017. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr1978.1
  9. Cheon, W.G., Y.-G. Park, S.-W. Yeh and B.-M. Kim, 2012. Atmospheric impact on the northwestern Pacific under a global warming scenario. Geophysical Research Letters, 39: L16709.
  10. Cherchi, A., P.-G. Fogli, T. Lovato, D. Peano, D. Iovino, S. Gualdi, S. Masina, E. Scoccimarro, S. Materia, A. Bellucci and A. Navarra, 2019. Global mean climate and main patterns of variability in the CMCC-CM2 coupled model. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11: 185-209.
  11. Danabasoglu, G., J.-F. Lamarque, J. Bacmeister, D.A. Bailey, A.K. DuVivier, J. Edwards, L.K. Emmons, J. Fasullo, R. Garcia, A. Gettelman, C. Hannay, M.M. Holland, W.G. Large, P.H. Lauritzen, D.M. Lawrence, J.T.M. Lenaerts, K. Lindsay, W.H. Lipscomb, M.J. Mills, R. Neale, K.W. Oleson, B. Otto-Bliesner, A.S. Phillips, W. Sacks, S. Tilmes, L. van Kampenhout, M. Vertenstein, A. Bertini, J. Dennis, C. Deser, C. Fischer, B. Fox-Kemper, J.E. Kay, D. Kinnison, P.J. Kushner, V.E. Larson, M.C. Long, S. Mickelson, J.K. Moore, E. Nienhouse, L. Polvani, P.J. Rasch and W.G. Strand, 2020. The Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2). J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 12(2): e2019MS001916.
  12. Delworth, T.L., R.J. Stouffer, K.W. Dixon, M. Spelman, T. Knutson, A. Broccoli, P. Kushner and R. Wetherald, 2002. Review of simulations of climate variability and change with the GFDL R30 coupled climate model. Clim. Dynam., 19: 555-574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-002-0249-5
  13. DeVries, T., C. Le Quere, O. Andrews, S. Berthet, J. Hauck, T. Ilyina, P. Landschutzer, A. Lenton, I. Lima, M. Nowicki, J. Schwinger and R. Seferian, 2019. Decadal trends in the ocean carbon sink. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116(24): 11646-11651. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900371116
  14. Doescher, R. and the EC-Earth Consortium, 2020. The EC-Earth3 Earth System Model for the Climate Model Intercomparison Project 6, in preparation.
  15. Eyring, V., S. Bony, G.A. Meehl, C.A. Senior, B. Stevens, R.J. Stouffer and K.E. Taylor, 2016. Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9: 1937-1958. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016
  16. He, B., Q. Bao, X. Wang, L. Zhou, X. Wu, Y. Liu, G. Wu, K. Chen, S. He, W. Hu, J. Li, J. Li, G. Nian, L. Wang, J. Yang, M. Zhang and X. Zhang, 2019. CAS FGOALS-f3-L Model Datasets for CMIP6 Historical Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project Simulation. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 36: 771-778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-019-9027-8
  17. Hersbach, H., B. Bell, P. Berrisford, S. Hirahara, A. Horanyi, S.J. Munoz, J. Nicolas, C. Peubey, R. Radu, D. Schepers, A. Simmons, C. Soci, S. Abdalla, X. Abellan, G. Balsamo, P. Bechtold, G. Biavati, J. Bidlot, M. Bonavita and J.-N. Thepaut, 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society.
  18. Hourdin, F., C. Rio, J.-Y. Grandpeix, J.-B. Madeleine, F. Cheruy, N. Rochetin, A. Jam, I. Musat, A. Idelkadi, L. Fairhead, M.-A. Foujols, L. Mellul, A.-K. Traore, J.-L. Dufresne, O. Boucher, M.-P. Lefebvre, E. Millour, E. Vignon, J. Jouhaud, F.B. Diallo, F. Lott, G. Gastineau, A. Caubel, Y. Meurdesoif and J. Ghattas, 2020. LMDZ-6A: the improved atmospheric component of the IPSL coupled model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 12(7): e2019MS001892.
  19. Hu, Y. and Q. Fu, 2007. Observed poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation since 1979. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions. 7: 5229-5236. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5229-2007
  20. Kelley, M., G.A. Schmidt, L.S. Nazarenko, S.E. Bauer, R. Ruedy, G.L. Russell, A.S. Ackerman, I. Aleinov, M. Bauer, R. Bleck, V. Canuto, G. Cesana, Y. Cheng, T.L. Clune, B.I. Cook, C.A. Cruz, A.D. Del Genio, G.S. Elsaesser, G. Faluvegi, N.Y. Kiang, D. Kim, A.A. Lacis, A. Leboissetier, A.N. LeGrande, K.K. Lo, J. Marshall, E.E. Matthews, S. McDermid, K. Mezuman, R.L. Miller, L.T. Murray, V. Oinas, C. Orbe, C.P. Garcia-Pando, J.P. Perlwitz, M.J. Puma, D. Rind, A. Romanou, D.T. Shindell, S. Sun, N. Tausnev, K. Tsigaridis, G. Tselioudis, E. Weng, J. Wu and M.-S. Yao, 2020. GISS-E2.1: Configurations and climatology. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 12(8): e2019MS002025.
  21. Kuhlbrodt, T., C.G. Jones, A. Sellar, D. Storkey, E. Blockley, M. Stringer, R. Hill, T. Graham, J. Ridley, A. Blaker, D. Calvert, D. Copsey, R. Ellis, H. Hewitt, P. Hyder, S. Ineson, J. Mulcahy, A. Siahaan and J. Walton, 2018. The low-resolution version of HadGEM3 GC3.1: Development and evaluation for global climate. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 10: 2865-2888. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001370
  22. Li, J., Q. Bao, Y. Liu, G. Wu, L. Wang, B. He, X. Wang and J. Li, 2019. Evaluation of FAMIL2 in Simulating the Climatology and Seasonal-to-Interannual Variability of Tropical Cyclone Characteristics. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11: 1117-1136. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ms001506
  23. Lurton, T., Y. Balkanski, V. Bastrikov, S. Bekki, L. Bopp, P. Braconnot, P. Brockmann, P. Cadule, C. Contoux, A. Cozic, D. Cugnet, J. Dufresne, C. Ethe, M.-A. Foujols, J. Ghattas, D. Hauglustaine, R.-M. Hu, M. Kageyama, M. Khodri, N. Lebas, G. Levavasseur, M. Marchand, C. Ottle, P. Peylin, A. Sima, S. Szopa, R. Thieblemont, N. Vuichard and O. Boucher, 2020. CMIP6 forcing data as implemented in the IPSL-CM6 model. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 12(4): e2019MS001940.
  24. Lyu, S.J. and K. Kim, 2005. Subinertial to interannual transport variations in the Korea Strait and their possible mechanisms. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110: C12016. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jc002651
  25. Mauritsen, T., J. Bader, T. Becker, J. Behrens, M. Bittner, R. Brokopf, V. Brovkin, M. Claussen, T. Crueger, M. Esch, I. Fast, S. Fiedler, D. Flaschner, V. Gayler, M. Giorgetta, D.S. Goll, H. Haak, S. Hagemann, C. Hedemann, C. Hohenegger, T. Ilyina, T. Jahns, D. Jimenez-de-la-Cuesta, J. Jungclaus, T. Kleinen, S. Kloster, D. Kracher, S. Kinne, D. Kleberg, G. Lasslop, L. Kornblueh, J. Marotzke, D. Matei, K. Meraner, U. Mikolajewicz, K. Modali, B. Mobis, W.A. Muller, J.E.M.S. Nabel, C.C.W. Nam, D. Notz, S. Nyawira, H. Paulsen, K. Peters, R. Pincus, H. Pohlmann, J. Pongratz, M. Popp, T.J. Raddatz, S. Rast, R. Redler, C.H. Reick, T. Rohrschneider, V. Schemann, H. Schmidt, R. Schnur, U. Schulzweida, K.D. Six, L. Stein, I. Stemmler, B. Stevens, J.-S. von Storch, F. Tian, A. Voigt, P. Vrese, K.-H. Wieners, S. Wilkenskjeld, A. Winkler and E. Roeckner, 2019. Developments in the MPI-M Earth System Model version 1.2 (MPI-ESM1.2) and Its Response to Increasing CO2. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11: 998-1038. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ms001400
  26. Michou, M., P. Nabat, D. Saint-Martin, J. Bock, B. Decharme, M. Mallet, R. Roehrig, R. Seferian, S. Senesi and A. Voldoire, 2020. Present-day and historical aerosol and ozone characteristics in CNRM CMIP6 simulations. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 12(1): e2019MS001816.
  27. Miller, R.L., G.A. Schmidt, L. Nazarenko, S.E. Bauer, M. Kelley, R. Ruedy, G.L. Russell, A. Ackerman, I. Aleinov, M. Bauer, R. Bleck, V. Canuto, G. Cesana, Y. Cheng, T.L. Clune, B. Cook, C.A. Cruz, A.D. Del Genio, G.S. Elsaesser, G. Faluvegi, N.Y. Kiang, D. Kim, A.A. Lacis, A. Leboissetier, A.N. LeGrande, K.K. Lo, J. Marshall, E.E. Matthews, S. McDermid, K. Mezuman, L.T. Murray, V. Oinas, C. Orbe, C.P. Garcia-Pando, J.P. Perlwitz, M.J. Puma, D. Rind, A. Romanou, D.T. Shindell, S. Sun, N. Tausnev, K. Tsigaridis, G. Tselioudis, E. Weng, J. Wu and M.-S. Yao, 2021. CMIP6 historical simulations (1850-2014) with GISS ModelE2.1. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 13(1): e2019MS002034.
  28. Muller, W.A., J.H. Jungclaus, T. Mauritsen, J. Baehr, M. Bittner, R. Budich, F. Bunzel, M. Esch, R. Ghosh, H. Haak, T. Ilyina, T. Kleine, L. Kornblueh, H. Li, K. Modali, D. Notz, H. Pohlmann, E. Roeckner, I. Stemmler, F. Tian and J. Marotzke, 2018. A high-resolution version of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model MPI-ESM1.2-HR, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 10: 1383-1413. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017ms001217
  29. Na, H., Y. Isoda, K. Kim, Y.H. Kim and S.J. Lyu, 2009. Recent observations in the straits of the East/Japan Sea: A review of hydrography, currents and volume transports. Journal of Marine Systems, 78: 200-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.02.018
  30. O'Neill, B.C., C. Tebaldi, D.P. van Vuuren, V. Eyring, P. Friedlingstein, G. Hurtt, R. Knutti, E. Kriegler, J.-F. Lamarque, J. Lowe, G.A. Meehl, R. Moss, K. Riahi and B.M. Sanderson, 2016. The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6. Geosci. Model Dev., 9: 3461-3482. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3461-2016
  31. Pak, G., Y. Noh, M.-I. Lee, S.-W. Yeh, D. Kim, S.-Y. Kim, J.-L. Lee, H.J. Lee, S.-H. Hyun, K.-Y. Lee, J.-H. Lee, Y.-G. Park, H. Jin, H. Park and Y.H. Kim, 2021. Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology Earth System Model and Its Simulation Characteristics. Ocean Sci. J, in press.
  32. Pak, G., Y.H. Kim and Y.-G. Park, 2019. Lagrangian Approach for a New Separation Index of the East Korea Warm Current. Ocean Sci. J., 54: 29-38, DOI: 10.1007/s12601-018-0059-2.
  33. Rayner, N.A., D. Parker, E.B. Horton, C. Folland, L. Alexander, D. Rowell, E. Kent and A. Kaplan, 2003. Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late Nineteenth Century. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D14).
  34. Roehrig, R., I. Beau, D. Saint-Martin, A. Alias, B. Decharme, J.-F. Gueremy, A. Voldoire, A.Y. Abdel-Lathif, E. Bazile, S. Belamari, S. Blein, D. Bouniol, Y. Bouteloup, J. Cattiaux, F. Chauvin, M. Chevallier, J. Colin, H. Douville, P. Marquet, M. Michou, P. Nabat, T. Oudar, P. Peyrille, J.-M. Piriou, D. Salas-y-Melia, R. Seferian and S. Senesi, 2020. The CNRM global atmosphere model ARPEGE-Climat 6.3: description and evaluation. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 12(7): e2020MS002075.
  35. Rong, X., J. Li, H. Chen, Y. Xin, J. Su, L. Hua, T. Zhou, Y. Qi, Z. Zhang, G. Zhang and J. Li, 2018. The CAMS climate system model and a basic evaluation of the climatology and climate variability simulation. J. Meteorol. Res., 32: 839-861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-018-8058-x
  36. Seferian, R., P. Nabat, M. Michou, D. Saint-Martin, A. Voldoire, J. Colin, B. Decharme, C. Delire, S. Berthet, M. Chevallier, S. Senesi, L. Franchisteguy, J. Vial, M. Mallet, E. Joetzjer, O. Geoffroy, J.-F. Gueremy, M.-P. Moine, R. Msadek, A. Ribes, M. Rocher, R. Roehrig, D. Salas-y-Melia, E. Sanchez, L. Terray, S. Valcke, R. Waldman, O. Aumont, L. Bopp, J. Deshayes, C. Ethe and G. Madec, 2020. Evaluation of CNRM EarthSystem model, CNRM-ESM2-1: role of Earth system processes in present-day and future climate. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11: 4182-4227. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001791
  37. Sellar, A.A., C.G. Jones, J.P. Mulcahy, Y. Tang, A. Yool, A. Wiltshire, F.M. O'Connor, M. Stringer, R. Hill, J. Palmieri, S. Woodward, L. de Mora, T. Kuhlbrodt, S.T. Rumbold, D.I. Kelley, R. Ellis, C.E. Johnson, J. Walton, N.L. Abraham, M.B. Andrews, T. Andrews, A.T. Archibald, S. Berthou, E. Burke, E. Blockley, K. Carslaw, M. Dalvi, J. Edwards, G.A. Folberth, N. Gedney, P.T. Griffiths, A.B. Harper, M.A. Hendry, A.J. Hewitt, B. Johnson, A. Jones, C.D. Jones, J. Keeble, S. Liddicoat, O. Morgenstern, R.J. Parker, V. Predoi, E. Robertson, A. Siahaan, R.S. Smith, R. Swaminathan, M.T. Woodhouse, G. Zeng and M. Zerroukat, 2019. UKESM1: Description and evaluation of the U. K. Earth System Model. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11: 4513-4558. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001739
  38. Sverdrup, H.U., 1947. Wind-Driven Currents in a Baroclinic Ocean; with Application to the Equatorial Currents of the Eastern Pacific. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 33(11): 318-26. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.33.11.318
  39. Tebaldi, C., K. Debeire, V. Eyring, E. Fischer, J. Fyfe, P. Friedlingstein, R. Knutti, J. Lowe, B. O'Neill, B. Sanderson, D. van Vuuren, K. Riahi, M. Meinshausen, Z. Nicholls, K.B. Tokarska, G. Hurtt, E. Kriegler, J.-F. Lamarque, G. Meehl, R. Moss, S.E. Bauer, O. Boucher, V. Brovkin, Y.-H. Byun, M. Dix, S. Gualdi, H. Guo, J.G. John, S. Kharin, Y. Kim, T. Koshiro, L. Ma, D. Olivie, S. Panickal, F. Qiao, X. Rong, N. Rosenbloom, M. Schupfner, R. Seferian, A. Sellar, T. Semmler, X. Shi, Z. Song, C. Steger, R. Stouffer, N. Swart, K. Tachiiri, Q. Tang, H. Tatebe, A. Voldoire, E. Volodin, K. Wyser, X. Xin, S. Yang, Y. Yu and Tilo Ziehn, 2021. Climate model projections from the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) of CMIP6. Earth System Dynamics, 12(1): 253-293. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-253-2021
  40. Voldoire, A., D. Saint-Martin, S. Senesi, B. Decharme, A. Alias, M. Chevallier, J. Colin, J.-F. Gueremy, M. Michou, M.-P. Moine, P. Nabat, R. Roehrig, D. Salas y Melia, R. Seferian, S. Valcke, I. Beau, S. Belamari, S. Berthet, C. Cassou, J. Cattiaux, J. Deshayes, H. Douville, C. Ethe, L. Franchisteguy, O. Geoffroy, C. Levy, G. Madec, Y. Meurdesoif, R. Msadek, A. Ribes, E. Sanchez-Gomez, L. Terray and R. Waldman, 2019. Evaluation of CMIP6 DECK experiments with CNRM-CM6-1. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11: 2177-2213. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001683
  41. Volodin, E.M., E.V. Mortikov, S.V. Kostrykin, V.Y. Galin, V.N. Lykossov, A.S. Gritsun, N.A. Diansky, A.V. Gusev, N.G. Iakovlev, A.A. Shestakova and S.V. Emelina, 2018. Simulation of the modern climate using the INM-CM48 climate model. Russ. J. Numer. Anal. Math. Model., 33: 367-374. https://doi.org/10.1515/rnam-2018-0032
  42. Volodin, E.M., E.V. Mortikov, S.V. Kostrykin, V.Y. Galin, V.N. Lykossov, N.A. Diansky, A.V. Gusev and N.G. Iakovlev, 2017. Simulation of the present-day climate with the climate model INMCM5. Clim. Dynam, 49: 3715-3734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3539-7
  43. Williams, K.D., D. Copsey, E.W. Blockley, A. Bodas-Salcedo, D. Calvert, R. Comer, P. Davis, T. Graham, H.T. Hewitt, R. Hill, P. Hyder, S. Ineson, T.C. Johns, A.B. Keen, R.W. Lee, A. Megann, S.F. Milton, J.G.L. Rae, M.J. Roberts, A.A. Scaife, R. Schiemann, D. Storkey, L. Thorpe, I.G. Watterson, D.N. Walters, A. West, R.A. Wood, T. Woollings and P.K. Xavier, 2017. The Met Office Global Coupled model 3.0 and 3.1 (GC3.0 and GC3.1) configurations. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 10: 357-380. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001115
  44. Wu, L., W. Cai, L. Zhang, H. Nakamura, A. Timmermann, T. Joyce, M. McPhaden, M. Alexander, B. Qiu, M. Visbeck, P.P. Chang, B. Giese and L. Wu, 2012. Enhanced warming over the global subtropical western boundary currents. Nature Climate Change. 2: 161-166. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1353
  45. Wu, T., Y. Lu, Y. Fang, X. Xin, L. Li, W. Li, W. Jie, J. Zhang, Y. Liu, L. Zhang, F. Zhang, Y. Zhang, F. Wu, J. Li, M. Chu, Z. Wang, X. Shi, X. Liu, M. Wei, A. Huang, Y. Zhang and X. Liu, 2019. The Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model (BCC-CSM): the main progress from CMIP5 to CMIP6. Geosci. Model Dev., 12: 1573-1600. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1573-2019
  46. Xin, X.-G., T.-W. Wu, J. Zhang, F. Zhang, W.-P. Li, Y.-W. Zhang, Y.-X. Lu, Y.-J. Fang, W.-H. Jie, L. Zhang, M. Dong, X.-L. Shi, J.-L. Li, M. Chu, Q.-X. Liu and J.-H. Yan, 2019. Introduction of BCC models and its participation in CMIP6. Clim. Change Res., 15: 533-539.
  47. Yukimoto, S., H. Kawai, T. Koshiro, N. Oshima, K. Yoshida, S. Urakawa, H. Tsujino, M. Deushi, T. Tanaka, M. Hosaka, S. Yabu, H. Yoshimura, E. Shindo, R. Mizuta, A. Obata, Y. Adachi and M. Ishii, 2019. The Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0, MRI-ESM2.0: Description and basic evaluation of the physical component. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 97: 931-965. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2019-051
  48. Ziehn, T., M.A. Chamberlain, R.M. Law, A. Lenton, R.W. Bodman, M. Dix, L. Stevens, Y.-P. Wang and J. Srbinovsky, 2020. The Australian Earth System Model: ACCESS-ESM1.5. J. South. Hemisphere Earth Syst. Sci., 70: 193-214. https://doi.org/10.1071/ES19035