References
- Avila MA, Garcia-Trevijano ER, Lu SC, Corrales FJ, Mato JM. Methylthioadenosine. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004. 36: 2125-2130. Cheng YF, Young GH, Lin JT, Jang HH, Chen CC, Nong JY, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2003.11.016
- Chen PK, Kuo CY, Kao SH, Liang YJ, Chen HM. Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase by Adenine Alleviates TNF-Alpha-Induced Inflammation in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. PLoS One. 2015.10: e0142283. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142283
- Cory S, Adams JM. The Bcl2 family: regulators of the cellular life-or-death switch. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002, 2: 647-656. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc883
- Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 2007. 35: 495-516. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230701320337
- Engle SJ, Stockelman MG, Chen J, Boivin G, Yum MN, Davies PM, Ying MY, Sahota A, Simmonds HA, Stambrook PJ, Tischfield JA. Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient mice develop 2,8-dihydroxyadenine nephrolithiasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996. 93: 5307-5312. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.11.5307
- Gowans GJ, Hawley SA, Ross FA, Hardie DG. AMP is a true physiological regulator of AMP-activated protein kinase by both allosteric activation and enhancing net phosphorylation. Cell Metab. 2013.18: 556-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.08.019
- Han M, Cheng X, Gao Z, Zhao R, Zhang S. Inhibition of tumor cell growth by adenine is mediated by apoptosis induction and cell cycle S phase arrest. Oncotarget. 2017. 8: 94286-94296. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.21690
- Hershfield MS, Snyder FF, Seegmiller JE. Adenine and adenosine are toxic to human lymphoblast mutants defective in purine salvage enzymes. Science. 1977. 197: 1284-1287. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.197600
- Kamatani N, Carson DA. Dependence of adenine production upon polyamine synthesis in cultured human lymphoblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981. 675: 344-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(81)90024-6
- Kaufmann SH, Desnoyers S, Ottaviano Y, Davidson NE, Poirier GG. Specific proteolytic cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase: an early marker of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 1993. 53: 3976-3985.
- Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer. 1972. 26: 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1972.33
- Kishi T, Kittaka E, Hyodo S, Kashiwa H, Karakawa T, Suzawa T, Sakura N, Sakano T, Usui T. Inhibition by adenine of in vitro immunological functions of normal and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient human lymphocytes. Immunopharmacology. 1985. 10: 157-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3109(85)90021-9
- Lai HW, Wei JC, Hung HC, Lin CC. Adenine inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells via AMP-activated protein kinase mediated autophagy. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019. 2019: 9151070.
- Lowe SW, Lin AW. Apoptosis in cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2000. 21: 485-495 https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/21.3.485
- Silwal P, Shin K, Choi S, Kang SW, Park JB, Lee HJ, Koo SJ, Chung KH, Namgung U, Lim K, Heo JY, Park JI, Park SK. Adenine suppresses IgE-mediated mast cell activation. Mol Immunol. 2015. 65: 242-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.021
- Simon ER, Chapman RG, Finch CA. Adenine in red cell presservation. J Clin Invest. 1962. 41: 351-359. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI104489
- Snyder FF, Hershfield MS, Seegmiller JE. Cytotoxic and metabolic effects of adenosine and adenine on human lymphoblasts. Cancer Res. 1978. 38: 2357-2362.
- Soengas MS, Lowe SW. Apoptosis and melanoma chemoresistance. Oncogene. 2003. 22: 3138-3151. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206454
- Su WW, Huang JY, Chen HM, Lin JT, Kao SH. Adenine inhibits growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via AMPK-mediated S phase arrest and apoptotic cascade. Int J Med Sci. 2020. 17: 678-684. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.42086
- Taylor RC, Cullen SP, Martin SJ. Apoptosis: controlled demolition at the cellular level. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008. 9: 231-241. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2312
- Theodoropoulou S, Brodowska K, Kayama M, Morizane Y, Miller JW, Gragoudas ES, Vavvas DG. Aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) inhibits the growth of retinoblastoma in vivo by decreasing angiogenesis and inducing apoptosis. PLoS One. 2013. 8: e52852. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052852
- Thornberry NA. The caspase family of cysteine proteases. Br Med Bull. 1997. 53: 478-490. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011625
- Vincent EE, Coelho PP, Blagih J, Griss T, Viollet B, Jones RG. Differential effects of AMPK agonists on cell growth and metabolism. Oncogene. 2015. 34: 3627-3639. https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2014.301
- Watanabe S, Yoshimi Y, Ikekita M. Neuroprotective effect of adenine on purkinje cell survival in rat cerebellar primary cultures. J Neurosci Res. 2003. 74: 754-759. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.10790
- Young GH, Lin JT, Cheng YF, Huang CF, Chao CY, Nong JY, Chen PK, Chen HM. Identification of adenine modulating AMPK activation in NIH/3T3 cells by proteomic approach. J Proteomics. 2015. 120: 204-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.012
- Zadra G, Photopoulos C, Tyekucheva S, Heidari P, Weng QP, Fedele G, Liu H, Scaglia N, Priolo C, Sicinska E, Mahmood U, Signoretti S, Birnberg N, Loda M. A novel direct activator of AMPK inhibits prostate cancer growth by blocking lipogenesis. EMBO Mol Med. 2014. 6: 519-538. https://doi.org/10.1002/emmm.201302734