References
- Turner, N.A., Sharma-Kuinkel, B.K., Maskarinec, S.A., Eichenberger, E.M., Shah, P.P., Carugati, M., Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus: an overview of basic and clinical research. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 17(4), 203-18 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0147-4
- Okuma, K., Iwakawa, K., Turnidge, J.D., Grubb, W.B., Bell, J.M., O'Brien, F.G., Dissemination of new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in the community. J. Clin. Microbiol., 40(11), 4289-94 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.11.4289-4294.2002
- Naimi, T.S., LeDell, K.H., Como-Sabetti, K., Borchardt, S.M., Boxrud, D.J., Etienne, J., Comparison of communityand health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA, 290(22), 2976-84 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.22.2976
- Back, S.H., Eom, H.S., Lee, H.H., Lee, G.Y., Park, K.T., Yang, S.J., Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Korea: antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of LA-MRSA strains isolated from pigs, pig farmers, and farm environment. J. Vet. Sci., 21(1), e2 (2020). https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e2
- Eom, H.S., Back, S.H., Lee, H.H., Lee, G.Y., Yang, S.J., Prevalence and characteristics of livestock-associated methicillin- susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in the pork production chain in Korea. J. Vet. Sci., 20(6), e69 (2019). https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e69
- Vincze, S., Brandenburg, A.G., Espelage, W., Stamm, I., Wieler, L.H., Kopp, P.A., Risk factors for MRSA infection in companion animals: results from a case-control study within Germany. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 304(7), 787-93 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.07.007
- Moon, D.C., Jeong, S.K., Hyun, B.H., Lim, S.K., Prevalence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in pigs and pig farmers in Korea. Foodborne Pathog Dis., 16(4), 256-61 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2018.2509
- Moon, D.C., Tamang, M.D., Nam, H.M., Jeong, J.H., Jang, G.C., Jung, S.C., Identification of livestock-associated methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Korea and molecular comparison between isolates from animal carcasses and slaughterhouse workers. Foodborne Pathog Dis., 12(4), 327-34 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2014.1868
- Kim, Y.B., Seo, K.W., Jeon, H.Y., Lim, S.K., Lee, Y.J., Characteristics of the antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chicken meat produced by different integrated broiler operations in Korea. Poult Sci., 97(3), 962-9 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex357
- Osman, K.M., Amer, A.M., Badr, J.M., Saad, A.S., Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus species in chicken and beef raw meat in Egypt. Foodborne Pathog Dis., 12(5), 406-13 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2014.1882
- Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Cai, R., Shi, L., Li, C., Yan, H., Prevalence of enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pork production. Foodborne Pathog Dis., 15(7), 437-43 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2017.2408
- Song, J.W., Yang, S.J., Shin, S., Seo, K.S., Park, Y.H., Park, K.T., Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitic milk in Korea. J. Food Prot., 79(10), 1725-32 (2016). https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-067
- Lee, H.H., Lee, G.Y., Eom, H.S., Yang, S.J., Occurrence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the beef production chain in Korea. Food Sci. Anim. Resour., 40(3), 401-14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2020.e20
- Price, L.B., Stegger, M., Hasman, H., Aziz, M., Larsen, J., Andersen, P.S., Staphylococcus aureus CC398: host adaptation and emergence of methicillin resistance in livestock. MBio., 3(1), e00305-11 (2012).
- Schijffelen, M.J., Boel, C.H., van Strijp, J.A., Fluit, A.C., Whole genome analysis of a livestock-associated methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 isolate from a case of human endocarditis. BMC Genomics., 11, 376 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-11-376
- He, L., Zheng, H.X., Wang, Y., Le, K.Y., Liu, Q., Shang, J., Detection and analysis of methicillin-resistant humanadapted sequence type 398 allows insight into communityassociated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus evolution. Genome Med., 10(1), 5 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-018-0514-9
- Smith, T.C., Male, M.J., Harper, A.L., Kroeger, J.S., Tinkler, G.P., Moritz, E.D., Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain ST398 is present in midwestern U.S. swine and swine workers. PLoS One., 4(1), e4258 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004258
- Pirolo, M., Visaggio, D., Gioffre, A., Artuso, I., Gherardi, M., Pavia, G., Unidirectional animal-to-human transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in pig farming; evidence from a surveillance study in southern Italy. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control., 8, 187 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-019-0650-z
- Pompilio, A., De Nicola, S., Crocetta, V., Guarnieri, S., Savini, V., Carretto, E., New insights in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius pathogenicity: antibiotic-resistant biofilm formation by a human wound-associated strain. BMC Microbiol., 15, 109 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-015-0449-x
- Takagi, S., Hayashi, S., Takahashi, K., Isogai, H., Bai, L., Yoneyama, H., Antimicrobial activity of a bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide (BMAP-28) against methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Anim. Sci. J., 83(6), 482-6 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00979.x
- Giacometti, A., Cirioni, O., Ghiselli, R., Bergnach, C., Orlando, F., D'Amato, G., The antimicrobial peptide BMAP- 28 reduces lethality in mouse models of staphylococcal sepsis. Crit Care Med., 32(12), 2485-90 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000148221.09704.22
- Xiong, Y.Q., Mukhopadhyay, K., Yeaman, M.R., Adler- Moore, J., Bayer, A.S., Functional interrelationships between cell membrane and cell wall in antimicrobial peptide- mediated killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49(8), 3114-21 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.8.3114-3121.2005
- Liu, G.Y., Essex, A., Buchanan, J.T., Datta, V., Hoffman, H.M., Bastian, J.F., Staphylococcus aureus golden pigment impairs neutrophil killing and promotes virulence through its antioxidant activity. J. Exp. Med., 202(2), 209-15 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050846
- Mama, O.M., Morales, L., Ruiz-Ripa, L., Zarazaga, M., Torres, C., High prevalence of multidrug resistant S. aureus- CC398 and frequent detection of enterotoxin genes among non-CC398 S. aureus from pig-derived food in Spain. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 320, 108510 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108510
- Sieber, R.N., Skov, R.L., Nielsen, J., Schulz, J., Price, L.B., Aarestrup, F.M., Drivers and dynamics of methicillin-resistant livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus CC398 in pigs and humans in Denmark. Mbio., 9(6), e02142-18 (2018).
- Iqbal, Z., Seleem, M.N., Hussain, H.I., Huang, L., Hao, H., Yuan, Z., Comparative virulence studies and transcriptome analysis of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from animals. Sci. Rep., 6, 35442 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35442
- Abdalrahman, L.S., Stanley, A., Wells, H., Fakhr, M.K., Isolation, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strains from Oklahoma retail poultry meats. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 12(6), 6148-61 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606148
- Randad, P.R., Dillen, C.A., Ortines, R.V., Mohr, D., Aziz, M., Price, L.B., Comparison of livestock-associated and community-associated Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity in a mouse model of skin and soft tissue infection. Sci. Rep., 9(1), 6774 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42919-y
- Sanchez, C.J., Jr. Mende, K., Beckius, M.L., Akers, K.S., Romano, D.R., Wenke, J.C., Biofilm formation by clinical isolates and the implications in chronic infections. BMC Infect Dis., 13, 47 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-47
- Archer, N.K., Mazaitis, M.J., Costerton, J.W., Leid, J.G., Powers, M.E., Shirtliff, M.E., Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: properties, regulation, and roles in human disease. Virulence, 2(5), 445-59 (2011). https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.2.5.17724
- Neopane, P., Nepal, H.P., Shrestha, R., Uehara, O., Abiko, Y., In vitro biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wounds of hospital-admitted patients and their association with antimicrobial resistance. Int. J. Gen. Med., 11, 25-32 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S153268
- Thurlow, L.R., Hanke, M.L., Fritz, T., Angle, A., Aldrich, A., Williams, S.H., Staphylococcus aureus biofilms prevent macrophage phagocytosis and attenuate inflammation in vivo. J. Immunol., 186(11), 6585-96 (2011). https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1002794
- Srey, S., Jahid, I.K., Ha, S.D., Biofilm formation in food industries: A food safety concern. Food Control., 31(2), 572-85 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.12.001
- Stefanetti, V., Bietta, A., Pascucci, L., Marenzoni, M.L., Coletti, M., Franciosini, M.P., Investigation of the antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains isolated from canine pyoderma. Vet Ital., 53(4), 289-96 (2017).
- McCarthy, H., Rudkin, J.K., Black, N.S., Gallagher, L., O'Neill, E., O'Gara, J.P., Methicillin resistance and the biofilm phenotype in Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol., 5, 1 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2015.00001
- Scheenstra, M.R., van den Belt M., Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven, J.L.M., Schneider, V.A.F., Ordonez, S.R., van Dijk, A., Cathelicidins PMAP-36, LL-37 and CATH-2 are similar peptides with different modes of action. Sci. Rep., 9(1), 4780 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41246-6
- Ernst, C.M., Staubitz, P., Mishra, N.N., Yang, S.J., Hornig, G., Kalbacher, H., The bacterial defensin resistance protein MprF consists of separable domains for lipid lysinylation and antimicrobial peptide repulsion. PLoS Pathog., 5(11), e1000660 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000660
- Peschel, A., Jack, R.W., Otto, M., Collins, L.V., Staubitz, P., Nicholson, G., Staphylococcus aureus resistance to human defensins and evasion of neutrophil killing via the novel virulence factor MprF is based on modification of membrane lipids with l-lysine. J Exp Med. 193(9), 1067-76 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.193.9.1067
- Peschel, A., Collins, L.V., Staphylococcal resistance to antimicrobial peptides of mammalian and bacterial origin. Peptides, 22(10),1651-9 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00500-9
- Buchan, K.D., Foster, S.J., Renshaw, S.A., Staphylococcus aureus: setting its sights on the human innate immune system. Microbiology. 165(4), 367-85 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000759
- Rowe, S.E., Wagner, N.J., Li, L., Beam, J.E., Wilkinson, A.D., Radlinski, L.C., Reactive oxygen species induce antibiotic tolerance during systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection. Nat. Microbiol., 5(2), 282-90 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0627-y
- Amenu, K., Grace, D., Nemo, S., Wieland, B., Bacteriological quality and safety of ready-to-consume milk and naturally fermented milk in Borana pastoral area, southern Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod., 51(7), 2079-84 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01872-8