DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Kushta Jast, a conventional herbo-mineral immunity booster tonic: potential use in COVID-19

  • Ahmad, Tasleem (Department of Biochemistry, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders (NRIUMSD)) ;
  • Zakir, Mohammad (Department of Unani Pharmacology, NRIUMSD) ;
  • Fatma, Syeda Hajra (Department of Pathology, NRIUMSD) ;
  • Kazmi, Munawwar Husain (Department of Unani Pharmacology, NRIUMSD) ;
  • Javed, Ghazala (Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH) ;
  • Ali, Shakir (Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard)
  • Received : 2020.07.14
  • Accepted : 2020.08.07
  • Published : 2020.08.31

Abstract

Kushta Jast (KJ) is a unique herbo-mineral preparation of the Unani System of Medicine (USM) which is prepared by taklis (calcination) and prescribed by the practitioners of USM for the treatment of various ailments, including the respiratory ailments. It is used as muqawwi (tonic) to boost the immunity (Muqawwi-i-badan), and can increase the phagocyte activity of the immune cells, thereby, promoting the growth and spread of lymphocytes and increasing circulating antibodies to neutralize a harmful pathogen and reduce humma or body fever (Dafi'-i-humma). Incidentally, the principal mineral component of KJ, zinc, has been widely acknowledged for its beneficial influence on the immune function, and decrease the risk of developing serious respiratory illnesses. In this manuscript, we provide a glimpse of the literature on KJ and postulate its potential beneficial effects in respiratory infections, including COVID-19.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahmed F, Selim MS, Das AK, Choudhuri MS. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Lippia nodiflora Linn. Pharmazie. 2004;59(4):329-30.
  2. Ali A. Maqalat-e-Ahsani. (Kanpur, India: Dar Matba, Nami Nawal Kishore), 1914.
  3. Ali MN. Nasirul Moalijeen. (Lucknow, India: Matba Alwi Muhammad Ali Bakhsh), 1860.
  4. Andreini C, Bertini I. A bioinformatics view of zinc enzymes. J Inorg Biochem. 2012;111:150-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.11.020
  5. Anonymous. National Formulary of Unani Medicine. Part-I.India: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, 2006.
  6. Arshi MMN. Mufradat-e-Arshi. (Lahore, Pakistan: Kutubkhana Arshi Dhanola, Pratap Press), 1929.
  7. Arumanavagam S, Arunmani M. Hepatoprotective and antibacterial activity of Lippia nodiflora Linn. against lipopolysaccharides on HepG2 cells. Pharmacogn Mag. 2015; 11(41): 24-31. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.149689
  8. Asdamongkol N, Phanachet P, Sungkanuparph S. Low plasma zinc levels and immunological responses to zinc supplementation in HIV-infected patients with immunological discordance after antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2013; 66:469-474.
  9. Aziz N, Gilani AH, Rindh MA. Kushta(s): unique herbo-mineral preparations used in South Asian traditional medicine. Med Hypotheses. 2002;59(4):468-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9877(02)00260-8
  10. Balamurugan R, Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S. Antidiabetic activity of $\gamma$-sitosterol isolated from Lippia nodiflora L. in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;667(1-3):410-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.025
  11. Bates CJ, Evans, PH, Dardenne M, et al. A trial of zinc supplementation in young rural Gambian children. Br J Nutr. 1993;69(1):243-255. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19930026
  12. Beck FW, Kaplan J, Fine N, et al. Decreased expression of CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase in the CD8+ subset is associated with zinc deficiency in human patients. J Lab Clin Med. 1997a;130(2):147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2143(97)90091-3
  13. Beck FW, Prasad AS, Kaplan J, et al. Changes in cytokine production and T cell subpopulations in experimentally induced zinc-deficient humans. Am J Physiol. 1997b; 272(6 Pt 1):E1002-E1007.
  14. Bhandari N, Bahl R, Taneja S et al. Routine zinc supplementation on pneumonia in children aged 6 months to 3 years: randomized controlled trial in an urban slum. BMJ. 2002;324(7350):1358. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1358
  15. Cakman I, Kirchner H, Rink L. Zinc supplementation reconstitutes the production of interferon-$\alpha$ by leukocytes from elderly persons. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1997;17(8):469-472. https://doi.org/10.1089/jir.1997.17.469
  16. Durairaj AK, Mazumdar UK, Gupta M, Selvan VT. Effect on inhibition of proliferation and antioxidant enzyme level of Lippia nodiflora in EAC cell line treated mice. J Comp IntegMed. 2009; 6:713-714.
  17. Eby GA, Davis DR, Halcomb WW. Reduction in duration of common colds by zinc gluconate lozenges in a double-blind study. Antimicrob Agen Chemother. 1984;25:20-24. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.25.1.20
  18. Fazlullah M. Makhzanul Mufradat Maroofba Jamia-ul-Advia. (Lucknow, India: Dar Matba Anwar Muhammad), 1877.
  19. Ferrari E, Wright-Minogue J, Fang JW, et al. Characterization of soluble hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase expressed in Escherichia coli. Virol. 1999;73(2):1649-1654. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.73.2.1649-1654.1999
  20. Fraker PJ, King LE. Reprogramming of the immune system during zinc deficiency. Annu Rev Nutr. 2004; 24:277-298. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132454
  21. Gadhvi R, Mishra GJ, Reddy MN, Nivserkar M. Antihypertensive efficacy of Lippia nodiflora - whole plant on uninephrectomized doca - salt hypertensive rats. IOSR J Pharm. 2012; 2:24-28.
  22. Ghani N. Khazainul Advia. (New Delhi, India: Idara Kitabul Shifa), 2011.
  23. Godfrey JC, Sloane BC, Smith DS, et al. Zinc gluconate and the common cold - a controlled clinical-study. J Int Med Res. 1992;20(3):234-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/030006059202000305
  24. Himoto T, Hosomi N, Nakai S, et al. Efficacy of zinc administration in patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;42(9):1078-1087. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365520701272409
  25. Hulisz D. Efficacy of zinc against common cold viruses: an overview. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2003. 2004; 44(5):594-603. https://doi.org/10.1331/1544-3191.44.5.594.Hulisz
  26. Hung M, Gibbs CS. Tsiang M. Biochemical characterization of rhinovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Antiviral Res. 2002; 56(2): 99-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-3542(02)00101-8
  27. Husain TS. Lughat-e-Kishori. (Lucknow, India: Matba Munshi Tejkumar Pvt. Ltd.), 1981.
  28. Jagan N. Ilm-wa-Amal Kushtajaat. (Chandosi, India: Taksal Ayurvedic Pharmacy), 1981.
  29. Kabir al-Din HM. [(1894-1976 AD]). 5th ed. Kitabul Advia. (Hyderabad, India: Daftar al-Masih, Bazar Nur al-Umara), 1955.
  30. Kabir al-Din HM. [(1894-1976 AD]). Ilmul Advia Nafeesi. (New Delhi, India: Aijaz Publishing House), 2007.
  31. Kabiral-Din HM. [(1894-1976 AD]). Makhzanul Mufradat. (Deoband, India: Faisal Publication), 2000.
  32. Kalam MA, Ahmad G, Munshi YI, Ahmad S. Bukan Booti (Lippia nodiflora L.) - A Lesser Known Unani Drug. Hipp. J. Unani Med. 2016; 11(4):131-139.
  33. Kareem B. Miftahul Khazain Darbayan Iksir-wa-Rasayan. (Lahore, Pakistan: Darul Kutub Rafiqul Atibba), 1960.
  34. Kawaguchi A, Nagao Y, Abe K, et al. Effects of branched-chain amino acids and zinc-enriched nutrients on prognosticators in HCV-infected patients: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Mol Med Rep. 2015;11(3):2159-2166. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2014.2943
  35. Khan HJ. Al-Hikmat. (Delhi, India: Hindustani Dawakhana), 1950, pp.45-46.
  36. Kim YJ, Kang JH, Yang MP. Zinc Increases the phagocytic capacity of canine peripheral blood phagocytes invitro. Vet Res Commun. 2009;33(3):251-261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-008-9173-4
  37. Korant BD, Butterworth BE. Inhibition by zinc of rhinovirus protein cleavage: interaction of zinc with capsid polypeptides. J Virol.1976;18(1):298-306. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.18.1.298-306.1976
  38. Korant BD, Kauer JC, Butterworth BE. Zinc ions inhibit replication of rhinoviruses. Nature. 1974;248(449):588-590. https://doi.org/10.1038/248588a0
  39. Kumaresan P, Thirupati T, Vijay C. Neuropharmacological activity of Lippia nodiflora Linn. Pharmacog Res.2011;3(3):194-200. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.85007
  40. Lambert SA, Jolma A, Campitelli LF, et al. The human transcription factors. Cell. 2018;172(4):650-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.029
  41. Lassi ZS, Moin A, Bhutta ZA. Zinc supplementation for the prevention of pneumonia in children aged 2 months to 59 months. 2016;12(12):CD005978.
  42. Lazarczyk M, Pons C, Mendoza JA, et al. Regulation of cellular zinc balance as a potential mechanism of EVER mediated protection against pathogenesis by cutaneous oncogenic human papillomaviruses. J Exp Med. 2008;205(1):35-42. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20071311
  43. Lodha R, Shah N, Mohari N, et al. Immunologic effect of zinc supplementation in HIV-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;66(4):386-392. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000191
  44. Malik A, Taneja DK, Devasenapathy N, et al. Zinc supplementation for prevention of acute respiratory infections in infants: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2014;51(10):780-784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-014-0503-z
  45. Martinez-Estevez NS, Alvarez-Guevara AN, Rodriguez-Martinez CE. Effects of zinc supplementation in the prevention of respiratory tract infections and diarrheal disease in Colombian children: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Allergol Immunopathol Madr.2016;44(4):368-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aller.2015.12.006
  46. Mathur NK, Bumb RA, Mangal HN, et al. Oral zinc as an adjunct to dapsone in lepromatous leprosy. Int J Lepr OthMyc Dis.1984;52(3):331- 338.
  47. Mathur NK, Bumb RA, Mangal HN. Oral zinc in recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum reaction. Lepr Ind.1983;55(3):547-552.
  48. Mossad SB, Macknin ML, Medendorp SV, Mason P. Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold - a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125(2):81-88. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-125-2-199607150-00001
  49. Murakami Y, Koyabu T, Kawashima A, et al. Zinc supplementation prevents the increase of transaminase in chronic hepatitis C patients during combination therapy with pegylated interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. (Tokyo). 2007;53(3):213-218. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.53.213
  50. Overbeck S, Rink L, Haase H. Modulating the immune response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for multiple diseases. Arch Immu Ther Exp. 2008;56: 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-008-0003-8
  51. Petrus EJ, Lawson KA, Bucci, LR, Blum K. Randomized, double masked, placebo-controlled clinical study of the effectiveness of zinc acetate lozenges on common cold symptoms in allergy-tested subjects. 1998;59(9):595-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-393X(98)85058-3
  52. Prasad AS, Bao B, Beck FW, Sarkar FH. Anti-oxidant effect of zinc in humans. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;37(8):1182-1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.07.007
  53. Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, et al. Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: Effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007a; 85(3):837-844. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.3.837
  54. Prasad AS, Fitzgerald JT, Bao B, et al. Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 133:245-52.
  55. Prasad AS, Meftah S, Abdullah J, et al. Serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1988;82(4):1202-1210. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI113717
  56. Qiu M, Chen Y, Chu Y, et al. Zinc ionophores pyrithione inhibits herpes simplex virus replication through interfering with proteasome function and NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. Antiviral Res. 2013;100(1):44-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.001
  57. Rafiq al-Din HM. Kanzul Advia Mufrada. (Aligarh, India: University Publication Unit), 1985.
  58. Rosado J, Lopez P, Monoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65(1):13-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/65.1.13
  59. Rukgauer M, Klein J, Kruse-Jarres JD. Reference values for the trace elements copper, manganese, selenium, and zinc in the serum/plasma of children, adolescents, and adults. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1997;11(2):92-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0946-672X(97)80032-6
  60. Satyanarayana U, Chakrapani U. Biochemistry, 4th ed. (New Delhi, India: Elsevier), 2013.
  61. Sazawal S, Black R, Bhan M, et al. Efficacy of zinc supplementation in reducing the incidence and prevalence of acute diarrhea - a community-based, double-blind, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66(2):413-418. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/66.2.413
  62. Sazawal S, Black RE, Jalla S, et al. Zinc supplementation reduces the incidence of acute lower respiratory infections in infants and preschool children: a double-blind, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 1998;102(1 Pt 1):1-5. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.102.1.1
  63. Serfling E, Avots A, Neumann M. The architecture of the interleukin-2 promoter: a reflection of T-lymphocyte activation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995; 1263(3):181-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4781(95)00112-T
  64. Shah UH, Abu-Shaheen AK, Malik MA, et al. The efficacy of zinc supplementation in young children with acute lower respiratory infections: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2013;32(2):193-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2012.08.018
  65. Shankar AH. Nutritional modulation of malaria morbidity and mortality. J Infect Dis. 2000;182 Suppl 1:S37-S53. https://doi.org/10.1086/315906
  66. Suara RO, Crowe JE Jr. Effect of zinc salts on respiratory syncytial virus replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004; 48(3):783-790. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.3.783-790.2004
  67. Thailand Medical News. COVID-19 Supplements: Australian Researchers Start First Clinical Trial to Test Effects of Intravenous Zinc in COVID-19 Patients. 2020. Available at: https://www.thailandmedical.news/news/covid-19-supplements-australian-researchers-start-first-clinical-trial-to-test-effects-of-intravenous-zinc-in-covid-19-patients. (Accessed on 27th May 2020).
  68. Turner RB, Cetnarowski WE. Effect of treatment with zinc gluconate or zinc acetate on experimental and natural colds. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31(5):1202-1208. https://doi.org/10.1086/317437
  69. Zaki MM. Makhzan-ul-Mufridat Maroofba Khawasul Adviya, 2nd ed. (Saharanpur, India: Sheikh Muhammad Yameen Tajir Kutub), 1890.
  70. Zazzo JF, Rouveix B, Rajagopalon P, et al. Effect of zinc on the immune status of zinc-depleted AIDS related complex patients. Clin Nutr. 1989;8(5):259-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5614(89)90036-8