DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Normal and Abnormal Postoperative Imaging Findings after Gastric Oncologic and Bariatric Surgery

  • Cheong-Il Shin (Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital) ;
  • Se Hyung Kim (Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital)
  • 투고 : 2019.11.04
  • 심사 : 2020.02.11
  • 발행 : 2020.07.01

초록

Surgical resection remains the primary choice of treatment and the only potentially curative option for gastric carcinoma, and is increasingly performed laparoscopically. Gastric resection represents a challenging procedure, with a significant morbidity and non-negligible postoperative mortality. The interpretation of imaging after gastric surgery can be challenging due to significant modifications of the normal anatomy. After the surgery, the familiarity with expected imaging appearances is crucial for diagnosis and appropriate management of potentially life-threatening complications in patients who underwent gastric surgery. We review various surgical techniques used in gastric surgery and describe fluoroscopic and cross-sectional imaging appearances of normal postoperative anatomic changes as well as early and late complications after gastric surgery.

키워드

과제정보

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea [NRF] funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF2019R1F1A1060131) and by Seoul National University Hospital Research Fund No. 03-2019-0070.

참고문헌

  1. Soerjomataram I, Lortet-Tieulent J, Parkin DM, Ferlay J, Mathers C, Forman D, et al. Global burden of cancer in 2008: a systematic analysis of disability-adjusted life-years in 12 world regions. Lancet 2012;380:1840-1850 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60919-2
  2. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2015;65:87-108 https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21262
  3. Lee DH, Kim SH, Joo I, Hur BY, Han JK. Comparison between 18F-FDG PET/MRI and MDCT for the assessment of preoperative staging and resectability of gastric cancer. Eur J Radiol 2016;85:1085-1091 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2016.03.015
  4. Inokuchi M, Otsuki S, Fujimori Y, Sato Y, Nakagawa M, Kojima K. Systematic review of anastomotic complications of esophagojejunostomy after laparoscopic total gastrectomy. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:9656-9665 https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i32.9656
  5. Xiong JJ, Altaf K, Javed MA, Nunes QM, Huang W, Mai G, et al. Roux-en-Y versus Billroth I reconstruction after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:1124-1134 https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i7.1124
  6. Zilberstein B, Abbud Ferreira J, Cecconello I. Management of postoperative complications in gastric cancer. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2011;57:69-74
  7. Yoo SY, Kim KW, Han JK, Kim AY, Lee HJ, Choi BI. Helical CT of postoperative patients with gastric carcinoma: value in evaluating surgical complications and tumor recurrence. Abdom Imaging 2003;28:617-623 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-003-0007-0
  8. Kim HC, Han JK, Kim KW, Kim YH, Yang HK, Kim SH, et al. Afferent loop obstruction after gastric cancer surgery: helical CT findings. Abdom Imaging 2003;28:624-630 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-002-0070-y
  9. Kim KW, Choi BI, Han JK, Kim TK, Kim AY, Lee HJ, et al. Postoperative anatomic and pathologic findings at CT following gastrectomy. Radiographics 2002;22:323-336 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.22.2.g02mr23323
  10. Kim KA, Park CM, Park SW, Cha SH, Seol HY, Cha IH, et al. CT findings in the abdomen and pelvis after gastric carcinoma resection. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;179:1037-1041 https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.179.4.1791037
  11. Doishita S, Takeshita T, Uchima Y, Kawasaki M, Shimono T, Yamashita A, et al. Internal hernias in the era of multidetector CT: correlation of imaging and surgical findings. Radiographics 2016;36:88-106 https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2016150113
  12. Kim TH, Kim JH, Shin CI, Kim SH, Han JK, Choi BI. CT findings suggesting anastomotic leak and predicting the recovery period following gastric surgery. Eur Radiol 2015;25:1958-1966 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-015-3608-4
  13. Juan YH, Yu CY, Hsu HH, Huang GS, Chan DC, Liu CH, et al. Using multidetector-row CT for the diagnosis of afferent loop syndrome following gastroenterostomy reconstruction. Yonsei Med J 2011;52:574-580 https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2011.52.4.574
  14. Hongo N, Mori H, Matsumoto S, Okino Y, Takaji R, Komatsu E. Internal hernias after abdominal surgeries: MDCT features. Abdom Imaging 2011;36:349-362 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-010-9627-3
  15. Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2014 (ver. 4). Gastric Cancer 2017;20:1-19 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-016-0622-4
  16. Okines A, Verheij M, Allum W, Cunningham D, Cervantes A; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Gastric cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2010;21 Suppl 5:v50-v54 https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdq164
  17. Zaanan A, Bouche O, Benhaim L, Buecher B, Chapelle N, Dubreuil O, et al. Gastric cancer: French intergroup clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatments and follow-up (SNFGE, FFCD, GERCOR, UNICANCER, SFCD, SFED, SFRO). Dig Liver Dis 2018;50:768-779 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2018.04.025
  18. Wang FH, Shen L, Li J, Zhou ZW, Liang H, Zhang XT, et al. The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO): clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2019;39:10
  19. Gastric cancer: NCCN guidelines version 2, 2019. NCCN Web site. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/gastric.pdf. Published June 03, 2019. Assessed November 1, 2019
  20. Degiuli M, De Manzoni G, Di Leo A, D'Ugo D, Galasso E, Marrelli D, et al. Gastric cancer: current status of lymph node dissection. World J Gastroenterol 2016;22:2875-2893 https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i10.2875
  21. Tamura S, Takeno A, Miki H. Lymph node dissection in curative gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer. Int J Surg Oncol 2011;2011:748745
  22. Schmidt B, Yoon SS. D1 versus D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2013;107:259-264 https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.23127
  23. Memon MA, Subramanya MS, Khan S, Hossain MB, Osland E, Memon B. Meta-analysis of D1 versus D2 gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2011;253:900-911 https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e318212bff6
  24. Songun I, Putter H, Kranenbarg EM, Sasako M, van de Velde CJ. Surgical treatment of gastric cancer: 15-year follow-up results of the randomised nationwide Dutch D1D2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:439-449 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70070-X
  25. Aiolfi A, Asti E, Siboni S, Bernardi D, Rausa E, Bonitta G, et al. Impact of spleen-preserving total gastrectomy on postoperative infectious complications and 5-year overall survival: systematic review and meta-analysis of contemporary randomized clinical trials. Curr Oncol 2019;26:e202-e209 https://doi.org/10.3747/co.26.4391
  26. Marano L, Rondelli F, Bartoli A, Testini M, Castagnoli G, Ceccarelli G. Oncologic effectiveness and safety of splenectomy in total gastrectomy for proximal gastric carcinoma: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anticancer Res 2018;38:3609-3617 https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.12635
  27. Son SY, Shin DJ, Park YS, Oo AM, Jung DH, Lee CM, et al. Spleen-preserving lymphadenectomy versus splenectomy in laparoscopic total gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer. Surg Oncol 2017;26:207-211 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2017.04.002
  28. Sano T, Sasako M, Mizusawa J, Yamamoto S, Katai H, Yoshikawa T, et al. Randomized controlled trial to evaluate splenectomy in total gastrectomy for proximal gastric carcinoma. Ann Surg 2017;265:277-283 https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000001814
  29. Guideline Committee of the Korean Gastric Cancer Association (KGCA), Development Working Group & Review Panel. Korean practice guideline for gastric cancer 2018: an evidence-based, multi-disciplinary approach. J Gastric Cancer 2019;19:1-48 https://doi.org/10.5230/jgc.2019.19.e8
  30. Jongerius EJ, Boerma D, Seldenrijk KA, Meijer SL, Scheepers JJ, Smedts F, et al. Role of omentectomy as part of radical surgery for gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2016;103:1497-1503 https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10149
  31. Haverkamp L, Brenkman HJ, Ruurda JP, Ten Kate FJ, van Hillegersberg R. The oncological value of omentectomy in gastrectomy for cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2016;20:885-890 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-016-3092-4
  32. Barchi LC, Ramos MFKP, Dias AR, Yagi OK, Ribeiro-Junior U, Zilberstein B, et al. Total omentectomy in gastric cancer surgery: is it always necessary? Arq Bras Cir Dig 2019;32:e1425
  33. Hiki N, Nunobe S, Kubota T, Jiang X. Function-preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2013;20:2683-2692  https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-013-2931-8
  34. Saito T, Kurokawa Y, Takiguchi S, Mori M, Doki Y. Current status of function-preserving surgery for gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:17297-17304 https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i46.17297
  35. Oh SY, Lee HJ, Yang HK. Pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for gastric cancer. J Gastric Cancer 2016;16:63-71 https://doi.org/10.5230/jgc.2016.16.2.63
  36. Suh YS, Han DS, Kong SH, Kwon S, Shin CI, Kim WH, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted pylorus-preserving gastrectomy is better than laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for middle-third early gastric cancer. Ann Surg 2014;259:485-493 https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e318294d142
  37. Rosa F, Quero G, Fiorillo C, Bissolati M, Cipollari C, Rausei S, et al. Total vs proximal gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of the upper third of the stomach: a propensity-score-matched analysis of a multicenter western experience (on behalf of the Italian Research Group for Gastric Cancer-GIRCG). Gastric Cancer 2018;21:845-852 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-018-0804-3
  38. An JY, Youn HG, Choi MG, Noh JH, Sohn TS, Kim S. The difficult choice between total and proximal gastrectomy in proximal early gastric cancer. Am J Surg 2008;196:587-591 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.09.040
  39. Wang S, Lin S, Wang H, Yang J, Yu P, Zhao Q, et al. Reconstruction methods after radical proximal gastrectomy: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018;97:e0121
  40. Ahn SH, Jung DH, Son SY, Lee CM, Park DJ, Kim HH. Laparoscopic double-tract proximal gastrectomy for proximal early gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2014;17:562-570 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-013-0303-5
  41. Li Z, Bai B, Xie F, Zhao Q. Distal versus total gastrectomy for middle and lower-third gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg 2018;53:163-170 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.03.047
  42. Qi J, Zhang P, Wang Y, Chen H, Li Y. Does total gastrectomy provide better outcomes than distal subtotal gastrectomy for distal gastric cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2016;11:e0165179
  43. Lamb PJ, Griffin SM, Chandrashekar MV, Richardson DL, Karat D, Hayes N. Prospective study of routine contrast radiology after total gastrectomy. Br J Surg 2004;91:1015-1019 https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.4638
  44. Struecker B, Chopra S, Heilmann AC, Spenke J, Denecke C, Sauer IM, et al. Routine radiologic contrast agent examination after gastrectomy for gastric cancer is not useful. J Gastrointest Surg 2017;21:801-806 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-017-3384-3
  45. Tonouchi H, Mohri Y, Tanaka K, Ohi M, Kobayashi M, Yamakado K, et al. Diagnostic sensitivity of contrast swallow for leakage after gastric resection. World J Surg 2007;31:128-131 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-006-0246-7
  46. Carucci LR, Turner MA. Radiologic evaluation following Rouxen-Y gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Eur J Radiol 2005;53:353-365 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2004.12.010
  47. Trenkner SW. Imaging of morbid obesity procedures and their complications. Abdom Imaging 2009;34:335-344 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-008-9389-3
  48. Hogan BA, Winter D, Broe D, Broe P, Lee MJ. Prospective trial comparing contrast swallow, computed tomography and endoscopy to identify anastomotic leak following oesophagogastric surgery. Surg Endosc 2008;22:767-771 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-007-9629-6
  49. Kim YE, Lim JS, Hyung WJ, Lee SK, Choi JY, Noh SH, et al. Clinical implication of positive oral contrast computed tomography for the evaluation of postoperative leakage after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2010;34:537-542 https://doi.org/10.1097/RCT.0b013e3181dbe579
  50. Cozzaglio L, Coladonato M, Biffi R, Coniglio A, Corso V, Dionigi P, et al. Duodenal fistula after elective gastrectomy for malignant disease: an Italian Retrospective Multicenter Study. J Gastrointest Surg 2010;14:805-811 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-010-1166-2
  51. Kim KH, Kim MC, Jung GJ. Risk factors for duodenal stump leakage after gastrectomy for gastric cancer and management technique of stump leakage. Hepatogastroenterology 2014;61:1446-1453
  52. Orsenigo E, Bissolati M, Socci C, Chiari D, Muffatti F, Nifosi J, et al. Duodenal stump fistula after gastric surgery for malignancies: a retrospective analysis of risk factors in a single centre experience. Gastric Cancer 2014;17:733-744 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-013-0327-x
  53. Paik HJ, Lee SH, Choi CI, Kim DH, Jeon TY, Kim DH, et al. Duodenal stump fistula after gastrectomy for gastric cancer: risk factors, prevention, and management. Ann Surg Treat Res 2016;90:157-163 https://doi.org/10.4174/astr.2016.90.3.157
  54. Bae JS, Kim SH, Shin CI, Joo I, Yoon JH, Lee HJ, et al. Efficacy of gastric balloon dilatation and/or retrievable stent insertion for pyloric spasms after pyloruspreserving gastrectomy: retrospective analysis. PLoS One 2015;10:e0144470
  55. Yu HW, Jung DH, Son SY, Lee CM, Lee JH, Ahn SH, et al. Risk factors of postoperative pancreatic fistula in curative gastric cancer surgery. J Gastric Cancer 2013;13:179-184 https://doi.org/10.5230/jgc.2013.13.3.179
  56. Guerra F, Giuliani G, Iacobone M, Bianchi PP, Coratti A. Pancreas-related complications following gastrectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis of open versus minimally invasive surgery. Surg Endosc 2017;31:4346-4356 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-017-5507-z
  57. Bassi C, Dervenis C, Butturini G, Fingerhut A, Yeo C, Izbicki J, et al. Postoperative pancreatic fistula: an international study group (ISGPF) definition. Surgery 2005;138:8-13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2005.05.001
  58. Oh JY, Cho JH, Kang MJ, Lee JH, Kwon HJ, Nam KJ, et al. Omental infarction caused by laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy for gastric cancer: CT findings. Clin Radiol 2011;66:966-973 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2011.05.006
  59. Singh AK, Gervais DA, Lee P, Westra S, Hahn PF, Novelline RA, et al. Omental infarct: CT imaging features. Abdom Imaging 2006;31:549-554 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-005-0251-6
  60. Park KE, Chung DJ, Kim W, Hahn ST, Lee JM. Secondary omental infarction related to open and laparoscopic-assisted distal gastrectomy: report of two cases. Korean J Radiol 2011;12:757-760 https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2011.12.6.757
  61. Kitagawa T, Iriyama K. Hepatic infarction as a complication of gastric cancer surgery: report of four cases. Surg Today 1998;28:542-546  https://doi.org/10.1007/s005950050180
  62. Kim J, Kim SM, Seo JE, Ha MH, An JY, Choi MG, et al. Should an aberrant left hepatic artery arising from the left gastric artery be preserved during laparoscopic gastrectomy for early gastric cancer treatment? J Gastric Cancer 2016;16:72-77 https://doi.org/10.5230/jgc.2016.16.2.72
  63. Osaki T, Saito H, Murakami Y, Miyatani K, Kuroda H, Matsunaga T, et al. Usefulness of preoperative assessment of perigastric vascular anatomy by dynamic computed tomography for laparoscopic gastrectomy. Yonago Acta Med 2015;58:157-164
  64. Lee SW, Shinohara H, Matsuki M, Okuda J, Nomura E, Mabuchi H, et al. Preoperative simulation of vascular anatomy by three-dimensional computed tomography imaging in laparoscopic gastric cancer surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2003;197:927-936 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2003.07.021
  65. Isabella V, Marotta E, Bianchi F. Ischemic necrosis of proximal gastric remnant following subtotal gastrectomy with splenectomy. J Surg Oncol 1984;25:124-132 https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.2930250215
  66. Fujiwara H, Ishikawa Y, Iwanaga Y, Mitsutsuji M, Shiki H, Wakita K, et al. A case of necrosis of the gastric remnant after partial gastrectomy. Jpn J Gastroenterol Surg 1995;28:699-703 https://doi.org/10.5833/jjgs.28.699
  67. Kim HJ, Lee KH, Kim YH, Kim HH, Kim SH, Lee HJ, et al. Gastric remnant infarction following laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy: CT diagnosis in two cases. Abdom Imaging 2007;32:290-292 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-006-9071-6
  68. Hajime I, Akihito E, Hiroharu N, Masataka H, Hiroki M, Junzo Y. Gastric remnant necrosis following splenic infarction after distal gastrectomy in a gastric cancer patient. Int J Surg Case Rep 2013;4:583-586 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijscr.2013.03.034
  69. Park HH, Lee HS, Kim JS, Kang SH, Moon HS, Sung JK, et al. Ischemic necrosis of the gastric remnant without splenic infarction following subtotal gastrectomy. Clin Endosc 2018;51:289-293 https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2017.099
  70. Davis JL, Ripley RT. Postgastrectomy syndromes and nutritional considerations following gastric surgery. Surg Clin North Am 2017;97:277-293 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2016.11.005
  71. Kelly KJ, Allen PJ, Brennan MF, Gollub MJ, Coit DG, Strong VE. Internal hernia after gastrectomy for cancer with Roux-Y reconstruction. Surgery 2013;154:305-311 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2013.04.027
  72. Kang KM, Cho YS, Min SH, Lee Y, Park KB, Park YS, et al. Internal hernia after gastrectomy for gastric cancer in minimally invasive surgery era. Gastric Cancer 2019;22:1009-1015 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-019-00931-1
  73. Lockhart ME, Tessler FN, Canon CL, Smith JK, Larrison MC, Fineberg NS, et al. Internal hernia after gastric bypass: sensitivity and specificity of seven CT signs with surgical correlation and controls. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;188:745-750 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.06.0541
  74. Iannuccilli JD, Grand D, Murphy BL, Evangelista P, Roye GD, Mayo-Smith W. Sensitivity and specificity of eight CT signs in the preoperative diagnosis of internal mesenteric hernia following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Clin Radiol 2009;64:373-380 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000400018
  75. Dilauro M, McInnes MD, Schieda N, Kielar AZ, Verma R, Walsh C, et al. Internal hernia after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: optimal CT signs for diagnosis and clinical decision making. Radiology 2017;282:752-760 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2016160956
  76. Yamashita W, Nishida K, Kawada S, Mori K, Usui S, Oyama J, et al. Hooking intestine sign: a typical diagnostic CT finding of Petersen's hernia. Jpn J Radiol 2017;35:718-723 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-017-0691-2
  77. Gore RM, Smith CH. Postoperative stomach and duodenum. In: Gore RM, Levine MS, eds. Textbook of gastrointestinal radiology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2008:707-725
  78. Gayer G, Jonas T, Apter S, Zissin R, Katz M, Katz R, et al. Bezoars in the stomach and small bowel--CT appearance. Clin Radiol 1999;54:228-232 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-9260(99)91156-X
  79. Yoon H, Kwon CI, Jeong S, Lee TH, Han JH, Song TJ, et al. Clinical significance of biliary dilatation and cholelithiasis after subtotal gastrectomy. Korean J Gastroenterol 2015;66:33-40 https://doi.org/10.4166/kjg.2015.66.1.33
  80. Kobayashi T, Hisanaga M, Kanehiro H, Yamada Y, Ko S, Nakajima Y. Analysis of risk factors for the development of gallstones after gastrectomy. Br J Surg 2005;92:1399-1403 https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.5117
  81. Inoue K, Fuchigami A, Higashide S, Sumi S, Kogire M, Suzuki T, et al. Gallbladder sludge and stone formation in relation to contractile function after gastrectomy. A prospective study. Ann Surg 1992;215:19-26 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199201000-00002
  82. Fukagawa T, Katai H, Saka M, Morita S, Sano T, Sasako M. Gallstone formation after gastric cancer surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 2009;13:886-889 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-009-0832-8
  83. Liang TJ, Liu SI, Chen YC, Chang PM, Huang WC, Chang HT, et al. Analysis of gallstone disease after gastric cancer surgery. Gastric Cancer 2017;20:895-903 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-017-0698-5
  84. Angrisani L, Santonicola A, Iovino P, Vitiello A, Higa K, Himpens J, et al. IFSO worldwide survey 2016: primary, endoluminal, and revisional procedures. Obes Surg 2018;28:3783-3794 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-018-3450-2
  85. Angrisani L, Santonicola A, Iovino P, Formisano G, Buchwald H, Scopinaro N. Bariatric surgery worldwide 2013. Obes Surg 2015;25:1822-1832 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-015-1657-z
  86. Sonavane SK, Menias CO, Kantawala KP, Shanbhogue AK, Prasad SR, Eagon JC, et al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: what radiologists need to know. Radiographics 2012;32:1161-1178 https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.324115177
  87. Clayton RD, Carucci LR. Imaging following bariatric surgery: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and sleeve gastrectomy. Br J Radiol 2018;91:20180031
  88. Suter M, Calmes JM, Paroz A, Giusti V. A 10-year experience with laparoscopic gastric banding for morbid obesity: high long-term complication and failure rates. Obes Surg 2006;16:829-835 https://doi.org/10.1381/096089206777822359
  89. Peternac D, Hauser R, Weber M, Schob O. The effects of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding on the proximal pouch and the esophagus. Obes Surg 2001;11:76-86 https://doi.org/10.1381/096089201321454150
  90. Lehnert B, Moshiri M, Osman S, Khandelwal S, Elojeimy S, Bhargava P, et al. Imaging of complications of common bariatric surgical procedures. Radiol Clin North Am 2014;52:1071-1086 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2014.05.009
  91. Mognol P, Chosidow D, Marmuse JP. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as an initial bariatric operation for highrisk patients: initial results in 10 patients. Obes Surg 2005;15:1030-1033 https://doi.org/10.1381/0960892054621242
  92. Regan JP, Inabnet WB, Gagner M, Pomp A. Early experience with two-stage laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass as an alternative in the super-super obese patient. Obes Surg 2003;13:861-864 https://doi.org/10.1381/096089203322618669
  93. Benaiges D, Mas-Lorenzo A, Goday A, Ramon JM, Chillaron JJ, Pedro-Botet J, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: more than a restrictive bariatric surgery procedure? World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:11804-11814 https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11804
  94. Aurora AR, Khaitan L, Saber AA. Sleeve gastrectomy and the risk of leak: a systematic analysis of 4,888 patients. Surg Endosc 2012;26:1509-1515 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-011-2085-3
  95. Burgos AM, Braghetto I, Csendes A, Maluenda F, Korn O, Yarmuch J, et al. Gastric leak after laparoscopic-sleeve gastrectomy for obesity. Obes Surg 2009;19:1672-1677 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-009-9884-9
  96. Wahby M, Salama AF, Elezaby AF, Belgrami F, Abd Ellatif ME, El-Kaffas HF, et al. Is routine postoperative gastrografin study needed after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy? Experience of 712 cases. Obes Surg 2013;23:1711-1717 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-1013-0
  97. Marquez MF, Ayza MF, Lozano RB, Morales M del M, Diez JMG, Poujoulet RB. Gastric leak after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg 2010;20:1306-1311 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-010-0219-7
  98. Sarkhosh K, Birch DW, Sharma A, Karmali S. Complications associated with laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity: a surgeon's guide. Can J Surg 2013;56:347-352 https://doi.org/10.1503/cjs.033511
  99. Deslauriers V, Beauchamp A, Garofalo F, Atlas H, Denis R, Garneau P, et al. Endoscopic management of post-laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy stenosis. Surg Endosc 2018;32:601-609 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-017-5709-4
  100. Wittgrove AC, Clark GW, Tremblay LJ. Laparoscopic gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y: preliminary report of five cases. Obes Surg 1994;4:353-357 https://doi.org/10.1381/096089294765558331
  101. Quigley S, Colledge J, Mukherjee S, Patel K. Bariatric surgery: a review of normal postoperative anatomy and complications. Clin Radiol 2011;66:903-914 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2011.04.017
  102. Carucci LR, Turner MA, Conklin RC, DeMaria EJ, Kellum JM, Sugerman HJ. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity: evaluation of postoperative extraluminal leaks with upper gastrointestinal series. Radiology 2006;238:119-127 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2381041557
  103. Vidarsson B, Sundbom M, Edholm D. Incidence and treatment of leak at the gastrojejunostomy in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a cohort study of 40,844 patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2019;15:1075-1079 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2019.04.033
  104. Goudsmedt F, Deylgat B, Coenegrachts K, Van De Moortele K, Dillemans B. Internal hernia after laparoscopic Rouxen-Y gastric bypass: a correlation between radiological and operative findings. Obes Surg 2015;25:622-627 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-014-1433-5
  105. Abasbassi M, Pottel H, Deylgat B, Vansteenkiste F, Van Rooy F, Devriendt D, et al. Small bowel obstruction after antecolic antegastric laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass without division of small bowel mesentery: a single-centre, 7-year review. Obes Surg 2011;21:1822-1827 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-011-0462-6
  106. Higa KD, Boone KB, Ho T. Complications of the laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: 1,040 patients--What have we learned? Obes Surg 2000;10:509-513 https://doi.org/10.1381/096089200321593706
  107. Park HJ, Hong SS, Hwang J, Hur KY. Mini-gastric bypass to control morbid obesity and diabetes mellitus: what radiologists need to know. Korean J Radiol 2015;16:325-333  https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2015.16.2.325