References
- Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5
- Coronavirus Outbreak. Available at: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/. Accessed 21 May 2020.
- Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutierrez-Ocampo E, Villamizar-Pena R, Holguin-Rivera Y, Escalera-Antezana JP, et al. Clinical, Laboratory and Imaging Features of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;34:101623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623
- Horowitz RI, Freeman PR, Bruzzese J. Efficacy of glutathione therapy in relieving dyspnea associated with COVID-19 pneumonia: A report of 2 cases. Respir Med Case Rep. 2020;30:101063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101063
- Montero-Odasso M, Goens S, Kamkar N, Lam R, Madden K, Molnar F, et al. Canadian Geriatrics Society COVID-19 Recommendations for older adults-What do older adults need to know? Can Geriatr J. 2020;23(1):149-51.
- Sanders JM, Monogue ML, Jodlowski TZ, Cutrell JB. Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1824-36.
- Khan MA. Thymoquinone, a constituent of prophetic medicine-black seed, is a miracle therapeutic molecule against multiple diseases. Int J Health Sci. 2019;13(1):1-2.
- AlAttas SA, Fat'heya MZ, Turkistany SA. Nigella sativa and its active constituent thymoquinone in oral health. Saudi Med J. 2016;37(3):235-44. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2016.3.13006
- Mollazadeh H, Afshari AR, Hosseinzadeh H. Review on the potential therapeutic roles of nigella sativa in the treatment of patients with cancer: Involvement of apoptosis:-black cumin and cancer. J Pharmacopuncture. 2017;20(3):158-72. https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2017.20.019
- Kooti W, Hasanzadeh-Noohi Z, Sharafi-Ahvazi N, Asadi-Samani M, Ashtary-Larky D. Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic uses of black seed (Nigella sativa). Chin J Nat Med. 2016;14(10):732-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(16)30088-7
- Ahmad A, Husain A, Mujeeb M, Khan SA, Najmi AK, Siddique NA, et al. A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: A miracle herb. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(5):337-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60075-1
- Khan MA, Afzal M. Chemical composition of Nigella sativa Linn: part 2 recent advances. Inflammopharmacology. 2016;24:67-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-016-0262-7
- Gholamnezhad Z, Havakhah S, Boskabady MH. Preclinical and clinical effects of Nigella sativa and its constituent, thymoquinone: A review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;22;190:372-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.061
- Salim B, Noureddine M (2020). Identification of Compounds from Nigella Sativa as New Potential Inhibitors of 2019 Novel Coronasvirus (Covid-19): Molecular Docking Study. ChemRxiv. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.12055716.v1
-
Onifade AA, Jewell AP, Onifade AB. Virologic And Immunologic Outcome of Treatment of Hiv Infectionwith a Herbal Concoction,
$\alpha$ -Zam, Among Clients Seeking Herbal Remedy in Nigeria. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2011;8(1):37-44. - Onifade AA, Jewell AP, Ajadi TA, Rahamon SK, Ogunrin OO. Effectiveness of a herbal remedy in six HIV patients in Nigeria. Journal of herbal medicine. 2013;3(3):99-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2013.04.006
- Onifade AA, Jewell AP, Adedeji WA. Nigella sativa concoction induced sustained seroreversion in HIV patient. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2013;10(5):332-5.
- Onifade AA, Jewell AP, Okesina AB. Seronegative conversion of an HIV positive subject treated with Nigella sativa and honey. Afr J Infect Dis. 2015;9(2):47-50. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajid.v9i2.6
- Barakat EM, El Wakeel LM, Hagag RS. Effects of Nigella sativa on outcome of hepatitis C in Egypt. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(16):2529-36. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i16.2529
- Abdel-Moneim A, Morsy BM, Mahmoud AM, Abo-Seif MA, Zanaty MI. Beneficial therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa and/or Zingiber officinale in HCV patients in Egypt. EXCLI J. 2013;12:943-55.
- Sheir Z, Badra G, Salama O, Gomaa AI, Saber W. Effect of Combination of Some Natural Products and Chloroquine on HCV Infection in Egyptian Patients: Pilot Study. J Liver. 2013;2:1. doi:10.4172/2167-0889.1000116.
- Salem ML, Hossain MS. Protective effect of black seed oil from Nigella sativa against murine cytomegalovirus infection. International journal of immunopharmacology. 2000;22(9):729-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0192-0561(00)00036-9
- Maurya S, Marimuthu P, Singh A, Rao GP, Singh G. Antiviral activity of essential oils and acetone extracts of medicinal plants against papaya ring spot virus. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 2005;8(3):233-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2005.10643452
- Oyero OG, Toyama M, Mitsuhiro N, Onifade AA, Hidaka A, Okamoto M, et al. Selective inhibition of hepatitis c virus replication by Alpha-zam, a Nigella sativa seed formulation. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2016;13(6):144-8. https://doi.org/10.21010/ajtcam.v13i6.20
- Umar S, Munir MT, Subhan S, Azam T, Nisa Q, Khan MI, et al. Protective and antiviral activities of Nigella sativa against avian influenza (H9N2) in turkeys. J Saudi Soc agric Sci; 2016.
- Khan AU, Tipu MY, Shafee M, Khan NU, Tariq MM, Kiani MR, et al. In-ovo antiviral effect of Nigella sativa extract against Newcastle Disease Virus in experimentally infected chicken embryonated eggs. Pak Vet J. 2018;38(4):434-7. https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2018.075
- Aqil K, Khan MU, Aslam A, Javeed A, Qayyum R, Yousaf F, et al. In vitro Antiviral Activity of Nigella sativa against Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Virus. Pakistan J Zool. 2018;50(6):2223-8.
- Delgado-Roche L, Mesta F. Oxidative Stress as Key Player in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection. Arch Med Res. 2020;S0188-4409(20)30540-3.
- Wang JZ, Zhang RY, Bai J. An anti-oxidative therapy for ameliorating cardiac injuries of critically ill COVID-19-infected patients. Int J Cardiol. 2020;312:137-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.04.009
- Namazi N, Mahdavi R, Alizadeh M, Farajnia S. Oxidative stress responses to Nigella sativa oil concurrent with a low-calorie diet in obese women: A randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2015;29(11):1722-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5417
- Kaatabi H, Bamosa AO, Badar A, Al-Elq A, Abou-Hozaifa B, Lebda F, et al. Nigella sativa improves glycemic control and ameliorates oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: placebo controlled participant blinded clinical trial. PloS one. 2015;10(2).
- Mostafa RM, Moustafa YM, Mirghani Z, AlKusayer GM, Moustafa KM. Antioxidant effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and black seeds (Nigella sativa) in healthy postmenopausal women. SAGE Open Med. 2013;1:2050312113517501.
- Bordoni L, Fedeli D, Nasuti C, Maggi F, Papa F, Wabitsch M, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Nigella sativa oil in human pre-adipocytes. Antioxidants. 2019;8(2):51. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8020051
- Hu X, Liang Y, Zhao B, Wang Y. Thymoquinone protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. J Cell Biochem. 2019;120(3):4514-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.27739
- Burits M, Bucar F. Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil. Phytother Res. 2000;14(5):323-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200008)14:5<323::AID-PTR621>3.0.CO;2-Q
- Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. 2018;9(6):7204. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.23208
- Merad M, Martin JC. Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(6):355-362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
- Stebbing J, Phelan A, Griffin I, Tucker C, Oechsle O, Smith D, et al. COVID-19: combining antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatments. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(4):400-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30132-8
- Gheita TA, Kenawy SA. Effectiveness of Nigella sativa oil in the management of rheumatoid arthritis patients: a placebo controlled study. Phytother Res. 2012;26(8):1246-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3679
- Hadi V, Kheirouri S, Alizadeh M, Khabbazi A, Hosseini H. Effects of Nigella sativa oil extract on inflammatory cytokine response and oxidative stress status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2016;6(1):34-43.
- Mahdavi R, Namazi N, Alizadeh M, Farajnia S. Nigella sativa oil with a calorie-restricted diet can improve biomarkers of systemic inflammation in obese women: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Lipidol. 2016;10(5):1203-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2015.11.019
- Hadi S, Mirmiran P, Daryabeygi-Khotbesara R, Hadi V. Effect of Nigella sativa oil extract on inflammatory cytokine response and oxidative stress among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Progress in Nutrition. 2018;20(1-S):127-33.
- Amizadeh S, Rashtchizadeh N, Khabbazi A, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Ebrahimi AA, Vatankhah AM,et al. Effect of Nigella sativa oil extracts on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in Behcet's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2020;10(2):181.
- Mansour M, Tornhamre S. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene C4 synthase in human blood cells by thymoquinone. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2004;19(5):431-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14756360400002072
- Ingraham NE, Lotfi-Emran S, Thielen BK, Techar K, Morris RS, Holtan SG, et al. Immunomodulation in COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;S2213-2600(20)30226-5.
- Salem ML. Immunomodulatory and therapeutic properties of the Nigella sativa L. seed. Int immunopharmacol. 2005;5(13-14):1749-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2005.06.008
- Isik H, Cevikbas A, Gurer US, Kiran B, Uresin Y, Rayaman P, et al. Potential adjuvant effects of Nigella sativa seeds to improve specific immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis patients. Med Princ Pract. 2010;19(3):206-11. https://doi.org/10.1159/000285289
- Kheirouri S, Hadi V, Alizadeh M. Immunomodulatory effect of Nigella sativa oil on T lymphocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Invest. 2016;45(4):271-83. https://doi.org/10.3109/08820139.2016.1153649
- Fogarty H, Townsend L, Ni Cheallaigh C, Bergin C, Martin-Loeches I, Browne P, et al. More on COVID-19 Coagulopathy in Caucasian patients. Br J Haematol. 2020;12:11.1111.
- Jose RJ, Manuel A. COVID-19 cytokine storm: the interplay between inflammation and coagulation. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;S2213-2600(20)30216-2.
- Lebda FM, Bamosa AO, Kaatabi H, Al Elq A, Al-Sultan A. Effect of Nigella sativa on hemodynamics, hemoglobin, and blood coagulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. The Egyptian Journal of Haematology. 2012;37(2):73.
- Muralidharan-Chari V, Kim J, Abuawad A, Naeem M, Cui H, Mousa SA. Thymoquinone modulates blood coagulation in vitro via its effects on inflammatory and coagulation pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(4):474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040474
- Yusof AN. Screening of Haemostatic Activity of Nigella Sativa Seed Extract. Journal of Engineering and Health Sciences. 2017;1(1):57-74.
- Boskabady MH, Mohsenpoor N, Takaloo L. Antiasthmatic effect of Nigella sativa in airways of asthmatic patients. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(10):707-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.01.002
- Salem AM, Bamosa AO, Qutub HO, Gupta RK, Badar A, Elnour A, et al. Effect of Nigella sativa supplementation on lung function and inflammatory mediators in partly controlled asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Saudi Med. 2017;37(1):64-71. https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2017.64
- Ansari MA, Ahmed SP, Haider SA, Ansari NL. Nigella sativa: A non-conventional herbal option for the management of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Pak J Pharm. 2006;23(2):31-5.
- Ansari MA, Ansari NA, Junejo SA. MONTELUKAST VERSUS NIGELLA SATIVA FOR MANAGEMENT OF SEASONAL ALLERGIC RHINITIS: A SINGLE BLIND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL TRIAL. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2010;26(2).
- Nikakhlagh S, Rahim F, Aryani FH, Syahpoush A, Brougerdnya MG, Saki N. Herbal treatment of allergic rhinitis: the use of Nigella sativa. Am J Otolaryngol. 2011;32(5):402-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.07.019
- Mohamed Alsamarai A, Abdulsatar M, Hamed Ahmed Alobaidi A. Evaluation of topical black seed oil in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2014;13(1):75-82. https://doi.org/10.2174/18715230113129990014
- Boskabady MH, Kiani S, Jandaghi P, Ziaei T, Zarei A. Antitussive effect of Nigella sativa in guinea pigs. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2004;20:224-8.
- Hosseinzadeh H, Eskandari M, Ziaee T. Antitussive effect of thymoquinone, a constituent of Nigella sativa seeds, in guinea pigs. Pharmacologyonline. 2008;2:480-4.