Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association (대한정형외과학회지)

Korean Orthopaedic Association (대한정형외과학회)
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Anterolateral Ligament of the Knee: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Techniques, and Clinical Outcome

슬관절 전외측인대의 해부학, 생역학, 수술법 및 임상적 결과

  • Kim, Seong Hwan (Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Tae-Hyub (Chung-Ang University College of Medicine) ;
  • Park, Yong-Beom (Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine)
  • 김성환 (중앙대학교 의과대학 정형외과학교실, 중앙대학교병원 정형외과) ;
  • 이태협 (중앙대학교 의과대학) ;
  • 박용범 (중앙대학교 의과대학 정형외과학교실, 중앙대학교병원 정형외과)
  • Received : 2019.12.31
  • Accepted : 2020.02.04
  • Published : 2020.08.30
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Abstract

An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is one of the most frequent surgical procedures in the knee joint, but despite the better understanding of anatomy and biomechanics, surgical reconstruction procedures still fail to restore rotational stability in 7%-16% of patients. Hence, many studies have attempted to identify the factors for rotational laxity, including the anterolateral ligament (ALL), but still showed controversies. Descriptions of the ALL anatomy are also confused by overlapping nomenclature, but it is usually known as a distinctive fiber running in an anteroinferior and oblique direction from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the proximal anterolateral tibia, between the fibular head and Gerdy's tubercle. The importance of the ALL as a secondary restraint in the knee has been emphasized for successful ACL reconstructions that can restore rotational stability, but there is still some controversy. Some studies reported that the ALL could be a restraint to the tibial rotation, but not to anterior tibial translation. On the other hand, some studies reported that the role of ALL in rotational stability would be limited as a secondary structure because it bears loads only beyond normal biomechanical motion. The diagnosis of an ALL injury can be performed by a physical examination, radiology examination, and magnetic resonance imaging, but it should be assessed using a multimodal approach. Recently, ALL was considered one of the anterolateral complex structures, as well as the Kaplan fiber in the iliotibial band. Many studies have introduced many indications and treatment options, but there is still some debate. The treatment methods are introduced mainly as ALL reconstructions or lateral extra-articular tenodesis, which can achieve additional benefit to the knee stability. Further studies will be needed on the indications and proper surgical methods of ALL treatment.

전방십자인대 재건술은 슬관절 수술 중에서 흔하게 시행되는 수술 중 한가지이나 해부학 및 생역학에 대한 이해가 증가하여 수술 기법의 다양한 변화가 있었음에도 수술 실패는 7%-16% 정도로 보고되고 있어 회전 불안정성에 대한 관심은 지속적으로 강조되고 있다. 최근 들어 전외측인대가 회전 불안정성에 대한 2차적인 지지 구조물로 많은 관심을 받고 연구되고 있다. 하지만 아직까지 전외측인대의 해부학적 형태, 생역학 및 임상 결과에 있어서 논란이 있다. 전외측인대는 대퇴골 외상과 부위에서 경골 근위부의 Gerdy's 결절과 비골 골두 사이에서 슬관절 전외측으로 주행하는 구조물로 알려져 있으며 생역학적 연구에서 경골의 내회전에 따라 전외측인대의 긴장도가 증가하는 슬관절 회전안정성에 기여를 하는 구조물로 알려져 있다. 전외측인대 손상의 진단은 신체검사, 방사선적 검사, 자기공명영상 등의 다양한 검사를 이용하여 종합적으로 판단하며 그중 주로 pivot-shift 검사와 자기공명영상의 결과를 종합하여 진단하게 된다. 최근에는 장경인대의 Kaplan 섬유 등과 같이 전외측인대 복합체로 판단하기도 하며 그 구조물들의 손상여부를 각각 고려하기도 한다. 치료에 있어서 다양한 수술법이 소개되어 사용되고 있고, 연구마다 다른 수술의 적응증을 제시하고 있는 실정으로 최근의 임상적 연구에서 회전 불안정성에 있어 긍정적인 효과를 보고하였지만 앞으로 더 많은 연구가 진행되어야 전외측인대를 강화하는 외측 강화 술식의 유용성에 대한 정확한 평가가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

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