정보화정책 (Informatization Policy)

한국지능정보사회진흥원 (National Information Society Agency)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

스마트시티: 최근 문헌에 대한 리뷰

Smart Cities: A Review of the Most Recent Literature

  • 투고 : 2020.01.15
  • 심사 : 2020.02.07
  • 발행 : 2020.03.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

스마트시티에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있다. 새로운 정보통신기술, 도시계획, 도시경제발전, 보건 등의 다양한 분야가 스마트시티 연구 혹은 실무에 적용된다. 그래서 스마트시티에 대한 정의는 다양하게 진화하고 있으며 때로는 혼란도 가지고 온다. 연구자들의 전공에 따라 개별적으로 연구되고 있는 스마트시티에 관한 전반적인 리뷰연구가 필요하다고 본다. 따라서, 이 논문에서 스마트시티라는 아이디어가 어떻게 발전해 왔으며, 주요 구성요소 그리고 실제적으로 집행되어 왔는지 정리해 보고자 한다. 특히 최근 2016년부터 지금까지 진행되어 온 학술적 연구들에 대해 중점적으로 살펴보았다. 이전 초기부터의 연구 정리는 Albino외 (2015), Cochia(2014)연구를 참조하면 된다. 이 리뷰논문에서는 먼저 스마트시티의 다양한 정의에 대해 소개하고 논의하였다. 두 번째로는 스마트 시티를 구성하는 여러 가지 관련 용어를 정리하였다. 세 번째로는 스마트 시티 발전정도를 측정하려는 시도인 인덱스에 관한 연구를 정리하였다. 네 번째로는 스마트 시티 연구의 건설적 비판(critique)으로 연구방향을 제시한 자료들을 분석하였다. 다섯 번째로는 스마트시티 연구를 어떻게 분류하고 구분할지에 대한 분류 체계(taxonomy)에 대한 제시가 있다. 여섯 번째로는 최근 가장 많이 언급되고 있는 여섯 가지의 분야- 스마트 경제, 스마트 거버넌스, 스마트 리빙, 스마트 피플, 스마트 환경, 스마트 모빌리티-에 대해 리뷰 하였다.

Interest in smart cities is growing; information and communication technology, urban planning, urban economy development, health, and many other areas are intertwined within smart city research and practice. The definition of smart city is evolving, and its vagueness is sometimes confusing. This review of the smart city literature tries to capture the big picture of this big idea. This review places into context work done since 2016, as earlier work is well reviewed in Albino (2015) and Cochia (2014). First is a review of the various smart city definitions. Second, an inventory of terms related to or subsumed by the smart city label are presented. Third, outcomes of indexes created to measure a city's smartness are presented. Fourth, the taxonomies used to organize the disparate content that falls under the smart city umbrella are discussed. Fifth, the most recent literature associated with six commonly recognized subgenres, namely smart economy, smart governance, smart living, smart people, smart environment, and smart mobility are reviewed. Sixth, important critiques of the smart city idea are presented.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Adame, T., Bel, A., Carreras, A., Meli'a-Segui, J., Oliver, M. & Pous, R. (2016). "CUIDATS: An RDIF-WSN hybrid monitoring system for smart health care environments." Future Generation Computer Systems, 78, 602-615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2016.12.023
  2. Afonso, R. A. (2017). Smartcluster: a metamodel of indicators for smart and human cities (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
  3. Afonso, R. A., Santos Brito, K., Nascimento, C. H., Garcia, V. C. & Alvaro, A. (2015). Brazilian smart cities: using a maturity model to measure and compare inequality in cities. In K. Mossberger & N. Helbig (Eds.) Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (pp. 230-238), Phoenix, Arizina. Digital Government Society.
  4. Ahvenniemi, H., Huovila, A., Pinto-Seppa, I. & Airaksinen, M. (2017). "What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities?" Cities, 60A, 234-245.
  5. Akhter, F., Khadivizand, S., Siddiquei, H. R., Alahi, M. E. E. & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2019). "IoT enabled intelligent sensor node for smart city: Pedestrian counting and ambient monitoring." Sensors, 19(3374), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2925985
  6. Al-Azzam, M. J. & Alazzam, M. B. (2019). International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 10, 171-176.
  7. Albino, V., Berardi, U. & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). "Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives." Journal of Urban Technology, 22, 3-21.
  8. Alcaide Munoz, L. & Rodriguez Bolivar, M. P. (2018). International E-Government Development. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  9. Allam, Z. (2020). Aligning technology and humanity. Palgrave Pivot: London, UK.
  10. Allam, Z. & Newman, P. (2018). "Redefining the smart city: culture, metabolism and governance." Smart Cities, 1, 4-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities1010002
  11. Allwinkle, S. & Cruickshank, P. (2011). "Creating smart-er cities: An overview." Journal of Urban Technology, 18, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2011.601103
  12. Angelidou, M. (2014). "Smart city policies: A spatial approach." Cities, 41(Supplement 1), S3-S11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.06.007
  13. Angelidou, M. (2017). "The role of smart city characteristics in the plans of fifteen cities." Journal of Urban Technology, 24(4), 3-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2017.1348880
  14. Anguluri, R. & Narayanan, P. (2017). "Role of green space in urban planning: Outlook towards smart cities." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 25, 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.04.007
  15. Anthopoulos, L. & Fitsilis, P. (2010). From digital to ubiquitous cities: defining a common architecture for urban development. 2010 Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Environments (pp. 301-306). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
  16. Anttiroiko A.-V. (2013). "U-cities reshaping our future: reflections on ubiquitous infrastructure as an enabler of smart urban development." AI & Society, 28, 491-507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-013-0443-5
  17. Aramendia-Muneta, M. E. (2020). European capital of smart tourism: An initiative to promote the tourism industry. In L. C. Carvalho, L. Calisto & N. Gustavo (Eds.), Strategic Business Models to Support Demand, Supply, and Destination Management in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry (pp. 255-265). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  18. Ardito, L., Cerchione, R., Del Vecchio, P. & Raguseo, E. (2019). "Big data in smart tourism [special issue]." Current Issues in Tourism, 22(15).
  19. Attoh, K., Wells, K. & Cullen, D. (2019). "We're building their data: Labor, alienation, and idiocy in the smart city." Society and Space, 37, 1007-1024.
  20. Austen, I. (2020). You can't fight City Hall. But maybe you can fight Google. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/world/canada/toronto-sidewalklabs-google.html.
  21. Balaceanu, C., Gruiescu, M., Radulescu, V., Apostol, D. & Dogaru, M. (2015). "The relation between entrepreneurship and smart economy." Journal of Information Systems & Operations Management, 12, 505-512.
  22. Barlow M. & Levy-Bencheton, C. (2018) Smart Cities, Smart Future: Showcasing Tomorrow. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  23. Baoyi, H. (2019, August 28). "Smart tourism is theme for industry summit in Helsinki." China Daily. Retrieved from https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201908/28/WS5d6661a6a310cf3e35568670.html.
  24. Battarra, R., Gargiulo, C., Tremiterra, M. R. & Zucaro, F. (2018). "Smart mobility in Italian metropolitan cities: A comparative analysis through indicators and actions." Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 556-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.006
  25. Battista, G., Evangelisti, L., Guattari, C., Basilicata, C. & Vollaro, R. D. L. (2014). "Buildings energy efficiency: Interventions analysis under a smart cities approach." Sustainability, 6, 4694-4705. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6084694
  26. Batty, M. (2017). The Age of the Smart City [working paper]. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317351280_The_Age_of_the_Smart_City.
  27. Batty, M., Axhausen, K. W., Giannotti, F., Pozdnoukhov, A., Bazzani, A., Wachowicz, M., … Portugali, Y. (2012). "Smart cities of the future." The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 214, 481-518. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3
  28. Bee Smart City (2018). "Global smart city ranking [web page]." Retrieved from https://www.beesmart.city/ranking.
  29. Behrendt, F. (2016). "Why cycling matters for smart cities. Internet of bicycles for intelligent transport." Journal of Transport Geography, 56, 157-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.08.018
  30. Behrendt, F. (2019). "Cycling the smart and sustainable city: Analyzing EC policy documents on internet of things, mobility and transport, and smart cities." Sustainability, 11(763), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030763
  31. Benevolo, C., Dameri, R. P. & D'Auria, B. (2016). Smart mobility in smart city: Action taxonomy, ICT Intensity and public benefits. In T. Torre, A. M. Braccini, & R. Spinelli, Empowering Organizations: Enabling Platforms and Artefacts. Cham, CH: Springer International.
  32. Berrone, P. & Ricart, J. E. (2019). IESE Cities in Motion Index. Barcelona, ES: IESE Business School, University of Navarra.
  33. Betancur, M., Restrepo, V., Perez, J., Restrepo, J. A., Agudelo, A. & Cuartas-Ramirez, D. (2019). An approximation to the construction of pedestrian smart cities. In IEEE 4th Colombian Conference on Automatic Control, Medellin, Colombia. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
  34. Bibri, S. E. (2017). "A foundational framework for smart sustainable city development: Theoretical, disciplinary, and discursive dimensions and their synergies." Sustainable Cities and Society, 38, 758-794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.12.032
  35. Bibri, S. E. & Krogstie, J. (2017). "On the social shaping dimensions of smart sustainable cities: A study in science, technology, and society." Sustainable Cities and Society, 29, 219-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.11.004
  36. Borsma, B. (2017). A New Digital Deal: Beyond Smart Cities. How to Best Leverage Digitalization for the Benefit of our Communities. Seost, NL: Boekscout BV.
  37. Bouzguenda, I., Alalouch, C. & Fava, N. (2019). "Towards smart sustainable cities: A review of the role digital citizen participation could play in advancing social sustainability." Sustainable Cities and Society, 50(101627), 1-15.
  38. Brcic, D., Slavulj, M., Sojat, D. & Jurak, J. (2018). The role of smart mobility in smart cities. Fifth International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure (1601-1606), Zadar, Croatia. International Road Federation.
  39. Bris, A., Cabolis, C., Chee, C. H. & Lanvin, B. (2019). Introduction. In A. Bris, C. Cabolis, C. H. Chee, & B. Lanvin (Eds.). Sixteen Shades of Smart: How Cities Can Shape Their Own Future (pp. 161-180). Singapore: IMD Publishing.
  40. British Standards Institute (2014). PAS 181 Smart city framework. Retrieved from https://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/Smart-Cities-Standards-and-Publication/PAS-181-smartcities-framework/.
  41. Broussard, M. (2018). Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  42. Budhrani, K., Ji, Y. & Lim, J. H. (2018). "Unpacking conceptual elements of smart learning in the Korean scholarly discourse." Smart Learning Environments, 5(23), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-017-0050-x
  43. Bifulco, F., Tregua, M. & Amitrano, C. C. (2017). "Co-governing smart cities through living labs: Top evidences from EU." Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 50, 21-37. https://doi.org/10.24193/tras.2017.0002
  44. Calzada, I. (2018). "(Smart) Citizens from data providers to decision-makers? The case study of Barcelona." Sustainability, 10(3252), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020001
  45. Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C. & Nijkamp, P. (2009) "Smart cities in Europe." Journal of Urban Technology, 18, 65-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117
  46. Carrillo, F.J. (2007). "The coming of age of knowledge-based development." Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(3), 3-5. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270710819753
  47. Carvalho, L. (2015). "Smart cities from scratch? A socio-technical perspective." Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 8, 43-60. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsu010
  48. Cath, C., Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B., Taddeo, M. & Floridi, L. (2016). "Artificial intelligence and the 'good society': The US, EU, and UK approach." Science and Engineering Ethics, 24, 505-528.
  49. Chang, D. L., Sabatini-Marques, J., da Costa, E. M., Selig, P. M. & Yigitcanlar, T. (2018). "Knowledge-based, smart and sustainable cities: a provocation for a conceptual framework." Journal of Open Innovation, 4(5), 1-17.
  50. Cho, J. (2017). "Growth of sharing economy facilitates smart city development." Business Korea. Retrieved http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=19899.
  51. Cho, Y., Jeong, H., Choi, A. & Sung, M. (2019). "Design of a connected security lighting system for pedestrian safety in smart cities." Sustainability, 11(1308), 1-11.
  52. Cisco (nd). "What is a smart city?" [web page]. Retrieved from https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/industries/smart-connectedcommunities/what-is-a-smart-city.html.
  53. Cledou, G., Estevez, E. & Barbosa, L. S. (2018). "A taxonomy for planning and designing smart mobility services." Government Information Quarterly, 35, 61-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.11.008
  54. Cocchia, A. (2014). "Smart and digital city: A systematic literature review. In R. P. Dameri & C. Rosenthal-Sabroux, (Eds.)." How to Create Public and Economic Value with High Technology in Urban Space (pp. 238-269). Cham, CH: Springer International.
  55. Cohen, B. (2012). "What exactly is a smart city?" Fast Company. Retrieved from http://www.fastcompany.com.
  56. Colding, J. & Barthel, S. (2017). "An urban ecology critique on the 'smart city' model." Journal of Cleaner Production, 164, 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.191
  57. Congress for New Urbanism (nd). "What is New Urbanism?" [web page]. Retrieved from https://www.cnu.org/resources/what-newurbanism.
  58. Couclelis, H. (2004). "The construction of the digital city." Planning and Design, 31, 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1068/b1299
  59. Dameri, R. P. (2014). Comparing smart and digital city: Initiatives and strategies in Amsterdam and Genoa. Are they digital and/or smart? In R. P. Dameri & C. Rosenthal-Sabroux (Eds.), Smart City: How to Create Public and Economic Value with High Technology in Urban Space. Cham, CH: Springer International.
  60. Dameri, R. P. & Benevolo, C. (2016). "Governing smart cities: An empirical analysis." Social Science Computer Review, 34, 693-707. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439315611093
  61. D'Auria, A., Tregua, M. & Vallejo-Martos, C. V. (2018). "Modern conceptions of cities as smart and sustainable and their commonalities." Sustainability, 10(2642), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020001
  62. Ding, D., Conti, M. & Solanas, A. (2016). A smart health application and its related privacy issues. In Proceedings of the 2016 Smart City Security and Privacy Workshop (SCSP-W), Vienna, Austria. IEEE Computer Society.
  63. Duran-Sanchez, A., Alvarez Garcia, J., Rama, D. & Sarango-Lalangui, P. (2018). "Analysis of the scientific literature published on smart learning." Espacios, 30. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323827346_Analysis_of_the_Scientific_Literature_Published_on_Smart_Learning.
  64. Dustdar, S., Nastic, S. & Scekic, O. (2018). Smart Cities: The Internet of Things, People and Systems. Cham, CH: Springer International.
  65. Dyer M., Gleeson D. & Grey T. (2017). Framework for collaborative urbanism. In: C. Certoma, M. Dyer, L. Pocatilu, & F. Rizzi (Eds.) Citizen Empowerment and Innovation in the Data-Rich City. Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering. Cham, CH: Springer.
  66. Eden Strategy Institute & OXD (2018). Top 50 Smart City Governments. Singapore: Eden Strategy Institute and ONG&ONG Pte Ltd.
  67. Eggers, W. D. (2004) Government 2.0: Using Technology to Improve Education, Cut Red Tape, Reduce Gridlock, and Enhance Democracy. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  68. Esmaeilpoorarabi, N., Yigitcanlar, T. Guaralda, M. & Kamruzzaman, Md. (2018). "Does place quality matter for innovation districts? Determining the essential place characteristics from Brisbane's knowledge precincts." Land Use Policy. 79, 734-747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.09.016
  69. Evans, J., Karvonen, A., Luque-Ayala, A., Martin, C., McCormick, K., Raven, R. & Voytenko Palgan, Y. (2019). "Smart and sustainable cities? Pipedreams, practicalities and possibilities." Local Environment, 24, 557-564. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2019.1624701
  70. Farias, I & Widmer, S. (2017). "Ordinary smart cities: How calculated users, professional citizens, technology companies and city administrations engage in a more-than-digital politics." Technoscienze: Italian Journal of Science & Technology Studies, 8(2), 43-60.
  71. Fisher, M. & Choe, S (2020). "How South Korea Flattened the Curve." The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/world/asia/coronavirussouth-korea-flatten-curve.html
  72. Gassmann, O, Böhm, J. & Palmie, M. (2019). Smart Cities: Introducing Digital Innovation to Cities. Bingley, UK: Emerald.
  73. Gibson, D. V., Kozmetsky, G. & Smilor, R. W. (1992). The Technopolis Phenomenon: Smart Cities, Fast Systems, Global Networks. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  74. Giffinger, R., Fertner, C, Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovic, N. & Meijers, E. (2007). "Smart cities: ranking of European mediumsized cities." Retrieved from www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf.
  75. Glasmeier, A. & Christopherson, S. (2015). "Thinking about smart cities." Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 8, 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsu034
  76. Goldsmith, S. & Crawford, S. (2014). The Responsive City: Engaging Communities Through Data-Smart Governance. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
  77. Graham, S. (2002). "Bridging urban digital divides? Urban polarisation and information and communications technologies (ICTs)." Urban Studies, 39, 33-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980220099050
  78. Grand View Research (2019). Smart cities market size worth $237.6 billion by 2025 | CAGR: 18.9%[Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.grandviewresearch.com/press-release/globalsmart-cities-market.
  79. Graziano, T. (2020). Citizen e-participation in urban planning: achievements and future challenges in a Mediterranean city. In M. Khosrow-Pour (Ed.) Megacities and Rapid Urbanization: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice (pp. 582-600). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  80. Green, B. (2019). The Smart Enough City: Putting Technology in Its Place to Reclaim Our Urban Future. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
  81. Gremm, J., Barth. J., Fietkiewicz, K.J. & Stock. W.G. (2018). Transitioning Towards a Knowledge Society: Qatar as a Case Study. Cham, CH: Springer International.
  82. Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang C. & Koo Z. (2015). "Smart tourism: foundations and developments." Electronic Markets, 25, 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-015-0196-8
  83. Gurashi, R. (2020). Smart people and prosumers: The individual challenge to the fourth industrial revolution. In R. Iannone & R. Gurashi, Smart Society: A Sociological Perspective on Smart Living (pp. 30-47). Abingdon, UK: Routledge. Gori, Parcu, & Stasi, 2015.
  84. Haque, A. (2015). Surveillance, Transparency, and Democracy. Tuscaloosa. AL: University of Alabama Press.
  85. Harari, Y. N. (2018). "Why technology favors tyranny." The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/10/yuval-noahharari-technology-tyranny/568330/.
  86. Hargreaves, T. & Wilson, C. (2017). Smart Homes and Their Users. Cham, CH: Springer International.
  87. Hill, S. (2015). Raw Deal: How the "Uber Economy" and Runaway Capitalism are screwing American Workers. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
  88. Hoel, T. & Mason, J. (2018). "Standards for smart education - towards a development framework." Smart Learning Environments, 5(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-017-0050-x
  89. Hojer, M. & Wangel, S. (2015). "Smart sustainable cities: Definition and challenges." In L. Hilty & B. Aebischer (Eds.), ICT Innovations for Sustainability (pp. 333-349). Berlin, DE: Springer-verlag.
  90. Hollands, R. G. (2008). "Will the real smart city please stand up?" City, 12, 303-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604810802479126
  91. Hollands, R. G. (2014). "Critical interventions into the corporate smart city." Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 8, 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsu011
  92. Holzer, M., Manoharan, A. P. & Melitski, M. (2018). E-Government and Information Technology Management: Concepts and Best Practices. Irvine, CA: Melvin & Leigh.
  93. Hong Kong Smart City Blueprint (2017). "Office of the Government Chief Information Officer, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region." Retrieved from https://www.smartcity.gov.hk/vision/.
  94. Hossain, M. S., Muhammad, G. & Alamri, A. (2019). "Smart healthcare monitoring: a voice pathology detection paradigm for smart cities." Multimedia Systems, 25, 565-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-017-0561-x
  95. Hwang, G. J. (2014). "Definition, framework and research issues of smart learning environments-a contextaware ubiquitous learning perspective." Smart Learning Environments, 1(4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-014-0001-8
  96. International Association of Cultural and Digital Tourism (2018). IACuDiT 5th international conference, 2018 Athens, 28-30 June (Exploring smart tourism: The cultural and sustainability synergies) [web page]. Retrieved from https://iacudit.org/Conference2018/index.html.
  97. International Conference on Tourism, Technology & Systems (2019). ICOTTS '19, 05-07 December, UAI, Buenos Aires [web page]. Retrieved from https://www.icotts.org/.
  98. International Organization for Standardization (2015). ISO/TS 37151:2015 Smart community infrastructures - Principles and requirements for performance metrics. Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standard/61057.html.
  99. Ireland Department of the Taoiseach (2008). Building Ireland's Smart Economy: A Framework for Sustainable Economic Renewal. Dublin, IE: Stationery Office, Republic of Ireland.
  100. Jang M. & Suh S. T. (2010). U-City: New trends of urban planning in Korea based on pervasive and ubiquitous geotechnology and geoinformation. In: D. Taniar, O. Gervasi, B. Murgante, E. Pardede, & B. O. Apduhan (Eds.), Computational Science and Its Applications - ICCSA 2010. ICCSA 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 6016. Berlin, DE: Springer.
  101. Jasrotia, A. & Gangotia, A. (2018). "Smart cities to smart tourism destinations: A review paper." Journal of Tourism intelligence and Smartness, 1, 47-56.
  102. Joss, S., Sengers, F., Schraven, D., Caprotti, F. & Dayot, Y. (2018). "The smart city as global discourse: Storylines and critical junctures across 27 cities." Journal of Urban Technology, 26, 3-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2018.1485368
  103. Juniper Research (2017). Smart Cities - What's in it for Citizens [web page]. Retrieved from https://seoulsolution.kr/sites/default/files/gettoknowus/smart-cities-whats-in-it-forcitizens_Juniper%20Research%282017%29.pdf.
  104. Kim, N. (2020). 'More scary than coronavirus': South Korea's health alerts expose private lives. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www. theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/morescary-than-coronavirus-south-koreas-healthalerts-expose-private-lives
  105. Kim, T., Cho. J. Y. & Lee, B. G. (2013). Evolution to smart learning in public education: A case study of Korean public education. In J. Turner (Ed.), OST 2012: Open and Social Technologies for Networked Learning, International Conference (pp. 17-178), Tallinn, Estonia. International Federation for Information Processing.
  106. Kinshuk, N., Chen, I., Cheng, I. & Chew, S. W. (2016). "Evolution is not enough: Revolutionizing current learning environments to smart learning environments." International of Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 26, 561-581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-016-0108-x
  107. Kitchin, R., Coletta, C. & Heaphy, L. (2019). Actually existing smart Dublin: Exploring smart city development in history and context. In A. Karvonen, F. Cugurullo, F. Caprotti (Eds.), Inside Smart Cities Place, Politics and Urban Innovation. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
  108. Kitchin, R., Coletta, C., Evans, L., Heaphy, L. & MacDonncha, D. (2017). "Smart cities, urban technocrats, epistemic communities, advocacy coalitions and the 'last mile' problem." it - Information Technology, 59, 275-284. https://doi.org/10.1515/itit-2017-0004
  109. Komninos, K. (2002). Intelligent Cities: Innovation, Knowledge Systems and Digital Spaces. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge.
  110. Komninos, K. (2011). "Intelligent cities: Variable geometries of spatial intelligence." Intelligent Buildings International, 3(3), 172-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2011.579339
  111. Koo, C., Park, J. & Lee, J. (2017). "Smart tourism: Traveler, business, and organizational perspectives [special issue]." Information & Management, 54(6).
  112. Koo, C., Ricci, F., Cobanoglu, C. & Okumus, F. (2017). "Smart, connected hospitality and tourism [special issue]." Information Systems Frontiers, 19(4).
  113. Koper, R. (2014). "Conditions for effective smart learning environments." Smart Learning Environments, 1(5), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-014-0001-8
  114. Kumar, P., Jain, V. K. & Pareek, K. S. (2018). The Stances of e-Government: Policies, Processes and Technologies. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  115. Lara, A., Da Costa, M., Furlani, T. & Yigitcanlar, T. (2016). "Smartness that matters: towards a comprehensive and human-centred characterisation of smart cities." Journal of Open Innovation, 2, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40852-015-0025-5
  116. Lam M. L. & Wong K. (2020). Human flourishing in smart cities. In B. George B & J. Paul (Eds.), Digital Transformation in Business and Society. Cham, CH: Palgrave Macmillan.
  117. Lauren (2018). Why smart cities may not be a smart idea just yet. White Mountain IT Services blog. Retrieved from https://www.whitemtn.com/blog/why-smart-cities-may-not-be-asmart-idea-just-yet.html.
  118. Lee, J. Y. & Chang, J. (2019). The evolution of smart city policy in Korea. In L. Anthopoulos (Ed.) Smart City Emergence: Cases from Around the World (pp. 173-193). Amsterdam, NL: Elsevier.
  119. Li, R. Y. M., Li, H. C. Y., Mak, C. K. & Tang, T. B. (2016). "Sustainable smart home and home automation: big data analytics approach." International Journal of Smart Home, 10, 177-187.
  120. Li, Y., Hu, C., Huang, C. & Duan, L. (2017). "The concept of smart tourism in the context of tourism information services." Tourism Management, 58, 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.03.014
  121. Liu, D., Huang, R. & Wosinski, M. (2017). Smart Learning in Smart Cities. Singapore: Springer Singapore.
  122. Luque-Ayala, A & Marvin, S. (2015). "Developing a critical understanding of smart urbanism?" Urban Studies, 52, 2105-2116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015577319
  123. Lytras, M. D. & Visvizi, A. (2018a). "Who uses smart city services and what to make of it: Toward interdisciplinary smart cities research." Sustainability, 10(1998), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020001
  124. Lytras, M. D. & Visvizi, A. (2018b). "Rescaling and refocusing smart cities research: from mega cities to smart villages." Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 9 : 134-145. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-02-2018-0020
  125. Ma, X., Wang, Z., Zhou, S., Wen, H. & Zhang, Y. (2018). "Intelligent healthcare systems assisted by data analytics and mobile computing." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2018, 1-16.
  126. Maddox, T. (2019). How 5G will make smart cities a reality. ZDNet. Retrieved from https://www.zdnet.com/article/how-5g-will-make-smartcities-a-reality/.
  127. Maier, S. (2016). "Smart energy systems for smart city districts: case study Reininghaus District." Energy, Sustainability and Society, 6(23), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-016-0085-9
  128. Manchester, H. & Cope, G. (2019). "Learning to be a smart citizen." Oxford Review of Education, 45, 224-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2018.1552582
  129. McFarlane, C. & Soderstrom, O. (2017). "On alternative smart cities: From a technologyintensive to a knowledge-intensive smart urbanism." City, 21, 312-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2017.1327166
  130. Michelucci, F. & De Marco, A. (2017). "Smart communities inside local governments: a pie in the sky?" International Journal of Public Sector Management, 30, 2-14. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-03-2016-0059
  131. Michelucci, F. V., De Marco, A. & Tanda, A. (2016). "Defining the role of the smart-city manager: An analysis of responsibilities and skills." Journal of Urban Technology, 23(3), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2016.1164439
  132. Mitchel, W. (2000). Designing the digital city. In T. Ishida & K Isbister (Eds.), Digital Cities: Technologies, Experiences and Future Perspectives. Berlin, DE: Springer-Verlag.
  133. Mordon Intelligence (n.d.) Smart cities market - growth, trends, and forecast (2019 - 2024) [webpage]. Retrieved https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/smart-cities-market.
  134. Mundoli, S., Unnikrishnan, H., Nagendra, H. (2017). "The 'sustainable' in smart cities: ignoring the importance of urban ecosystems." Decision, 44, 103-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40622-017-0152-x
  135. Nam, T. & Pardo, T. A. (2011). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (pp. 282-291), College Park, Maryland, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
  136. Namiota, D. & Sneps-Sneppe, M. (2019). "On bikes in smart cities." Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, 53, 63-71. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0146411619010085
  137. Nazir, S., Ali, Y., Ullah, N. & Garcia-Magarino, I. (2019). "Internet of things for healthcare using effects of mobile computing: A systematic literature review." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2019, 1-20.
  138. Neo, H. (2019). Chongqing: Propelling the "smart" wave in southwest China. In A. Bris, C. Cabolis, C. H. Chee, & B. Lanvin (Eds.). Sixteen Shades of Smart: How Cities Can Shape Their Own Future (pp. 161-180). Singapore: IMD Publishing.
  139. Noh, K. S., Ju, S. H. & Jung, J. T. (2014). "An exploratory study on concept and realization conditions of smart learning." Journal of Digital Convergence, 9, 79-88. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDPM.2011.9.2.079
  140. Obinikpo, A. A. & Kantarci, B. (2017). "Big sensed data meets deep learning for smarter health care in smart cities." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 6(26), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan6010001
  141. Olokesusi, F. & Aiyegbajeje, F. O. (2017). E-Democracy for Smart City Lagos. In T. M. Vinod Kumar (Ed.), E-Democracy for Smart Cities (pp. 51-70). Singapore: Springer.
  142. O'Donnell, C. (2017). Smart cities are boring. Give us responsive cities. TechCruch. Retrieved from https://techcrunch.com/2017/10/14/smartcities-are-boring-give-us-responsive-cities/.
  143. O'Reilly, T. (2009). Gov 2.0: The promise of innovation. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/2009/08/10/governmentinternet-software-technology-breakthroughsoreilly.html#37bd0df13b7b.
  144. Palanisamy, V. & Thirunavukarasu, R. (2019). "Implications of big data analytics in developing healthcare frameworks - A review." Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 31, 415-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2017.12.007
  145. Pali, B. & Schuilenburg, M. (2019). "Fear and fantasy in the smart city." Critical Criminology, 1-14. Retrieved from https://doi-org.ezproxy.gvsu.edu/10.1007/s10612-019-09447-7.
  146. Pan, Y. (2018). Strategic Research on Construction and Promotion of China's Intelligent Cities: General Report. Hangzhou, CN: Zhejiang University Press & Singapore: Springer Nature.
  147. Pelton, J. & Singh, I. (2018). Smart Cities of Today and Tomorrow: Better Technology, Infrastructure and Security. Cham, CH: Springer International.
  148. Peprah, C., Amponsah, O. & Oduro, C. (2019). "A system view of smart mobility and its implications for Ghanaian cities." Sustainable Cities and Society, 44, 739-747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.10.025
  149. Petrova-Antonova, D. & Ilieva, S. (2018). Smart cities evaluation - a survey of performance and sustainability indicators. In 44th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (486-493), Prague, Czechia. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
  150. Pinochet, L. H. C., Romani, G. F., de Souza, C. A. & Rodriguez-Abitia, G. (2019). "Intention to live in a smart city based on its characteristics in the perception by the young public." Revista de Gestao (REGE), 26(1), 73-92.
  151. Pramanik, M. I., Lau, R. Y. K., Demirkan, H. M. & Azad, Md. A. K. (2017). "Smart health: Big data enabled health paradigm within smart cities." Expert Systems with Applications, 87, 370-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2017.06.027
  152. Rainie, L., Anderson, J. & Connolly, J. (2014). Cyber attacks likely to increase. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet.org/2014/10/29/cyber-attacks-likely-toincrease/.
  153. Razaghi, M. & Finger, M. (2018). Smart governance for smart cities. Proceedings of the IEEE, 106, 680-689. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2018.2807784
  154. Ribaudo, M., Torrigiani, C., De Cindio, F. & Palumbo, M. (2016). The university in the polis: An emerging role of democratic intermediary in e-participation? In T. Torre, A. M. Braccini, & R. Spinelli, Empowering Organizations: Enabling Platforms and Artefacts. Cham, CH: Springer International.
  155. Rifkin, J. (2011). The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
  156. Rifkin, J. (2014). The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
  157. Rifkin, J. (2016). Smart regions smart cities: A digitally interconnected and ecologically sustainable third industrial revolution across the European union and China. In Seventh European Summit of Regions and Cities, Bratislava, Slovakia. European Committee of the Regions.
  158. Rocha, N. P., Dias, A., Santinha, G., Rodrigues, M., Queiros, A. & Rodrigues, C. (2019a). "Smart cities and healthcare: A systematic review." Technologies, 7(58), 1-16.
  159. Rocha, N. P., Dias, A., Santinha, G., Rodrigues, M., Queiros, A. & Rodrigues, C. (2019b). A systematic review of smart cities' applications to support active ageing. In ICTH 2019: The 9th International Conference on Current and Future Trends of Information and Communication Technologies in Healthcare (pp. 306-313), Coimbra, Portugal. International Conference on Transport & Health.
  160. Rosen College of Hospitality Management (2019). "A great success: 1st international conference on smart tourism, smart cities and enabling technologies" [web page]. University of Central Florida. Retrieved from https://hospitality.ucf.edu/2019/05/17/a-summary-1st-international-conference-on-smarttourism-smart-cities-and-enabling-technologies/.
  161. Rothkrantz, L. & Mirela, P. (2018). Routing pedestrians in smart city networks. In 2018 Smart City Symposium, Prague, Czechia. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
  162. Sadowski, J. & Bendor, R. (2019). "Selling smartness: Corporate narratives and the smart city as a sociotechnical imaginary." Science, Technology, & Human Values, 44, 540-563. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243918806061
  163. Satterthwaite, D. (1992). "Sustainable cities: Introduction." Environment and Urbanization, 4(2), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624789200400201
  164. Semanjski, I., Bellens, R., Gautama, S. & Witlox, F. (2016). "Integrating big data into a sustainable mobility policy 2.0 planning support system." Sustainability, 8(1142), 1-19.
  165. Semanjski, I. & Gautama, S. (2016). Sensing human activity for smart cities' mobility management. In I. N. Da Silva & R. A. Flazino (Eds.), Smart Cities Technologies (pp. 211-232). London, UK: IntechOpen.
  166. Sennett R. (2012). No one likes a city that's too smart, The Guardian, 4 December. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/dec/04/smart-city-rio-songdo-masdar.
  167. Shahidehpour, M., Li, Z. & Ganji, M. (2018). "Smart cities for a sustainable urbanization: Illuminating the need for establishing smart urban infrastructures." IEEE Electrification Magazine, 6(2), 16-33. https://doi.org/10.1109/MELE.2018.2816840
  168. Shelton, T., Zook, M. & Wiig, A. (2015). "The 'actually existing smart city'." Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 8, 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsu026
  169. Shen, S., Wei, Z., Sun, L. Su, Y., Wang, R. & Jiang, H. (2018). "The shared bicycle and its networkinternet of shared bicycle (IoSB): A review and survey." Sensors, 18(2581), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2018.2870228
  170. Shi, B. (2018). E-tourism evolutionary effect: studying e-tourism in China. In J. Zhao (Ed.), The Hospitality and Tourism Industry in China (pp. 133-153). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  171. Shin, D. H. (2009). "Ubiquitous city: Urban technologies, urban infrastructure and urban informatics." Journal of Information Science, 35, 515-526. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551509100832
  172. Simonofski, A., Vanderose, B., Clarinval, A. & Snoeck, M. (2018). "The impact of user participation methods on e-government projects: The case of La Louvière, Belgium." Media and Communication, 16(4), 175-186.
  173. Smart City Hub (n.d.). Smart city wheel [web page]. Retrieved from https://www.smartcityhub.ch/smart_city_wheel.120de.html.
  174. Solanas, A., Patsakis, C., Conti, M. Vlachos, I. S., Ramos, V., Falcone, F.,... Martinez-Balleste, A. (2014) "Smart health: A context-aware health paradigm within smart cities." IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(8), 74-81. https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2014.6871673
  175. Spector, J. M. (2014). "Conceptualizing the emerging field of smart learning environments." Smart Learning Environments 1(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-014-0001-8
  176. Sterling, B. (2018). "Stop Saying 'Smart Cities': Digital stardust won't magically make future cities more affordable or resilient." The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/02/stupid-cities/553052/.
  177. Swilling, M. (2016). Toward sustainable urban infrastructure for the urban Anthropocene. In A. Allen, A. Lampis, & M. Swilling (Eds.), Untamed Urbanism. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
  178. Thebault-Spieker, J., Terveen, L. & Hecht, B. (2015). Avoiding the south side and the suburbs: The geography of mobile crowdsourcing markets. In CSCW 2015 Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 265-275), Vancouver, Canada. Association of Computing Machinery (ACM) Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction.
  179. Thrift, N. (2014). "The 'sentient' city and what it may portend." Big Data & Society, 1, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951714532241
  180. Trickett, T. (2019). "A stride towards sentient cities: Architecture as performance art." Technoetic Arts: A Journal of Speculative Research, 17, 119-139. https://doi.org/10.1386/tear_00011_1
  181. Vanolo, A. (2014). "Smartmentality: the smart city as disciplinary strategy." Urban Studies, 51, 883-898. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013494427
  182. Vidiasova, L., Kachurina, P. & Cronemberger, F. (2017). Smart cities prospects from the results of the world practice expert benchmarking. In A. limova, A. Bilyatdinova, J. Kortelainen, & A. Boukhanovsky(Eds.) YSC 2017: 6th International Young Scientists Conference in HPC and Simulation (pp. 269-277), Kortka, Finland. University of Amsterdam and ITMO University.
  183. Vinod Kumar, T. M. (2015). E-governance for smart cities. In T. M. V. Kumar (Ed.), E-Governance for Smart Cities (pp. 1-41). Singapore: Springer.
  184. Vinod Kumar, T. M. (2017). State of the art of e-democracy for smart cities. In T. M. V. Kumar (Ed.), E-Democracy for Smart Cities (pp. 1-50). Singapore: Springer.
  185. Vinod Kumar, T. M. & Dahiya, B. (2015). E-governance for smart cities. In T. M. Vinod Kumar (Ed.) E-Governance for Smart Cities (pp. 1-74). Singapore: Springer.
  186. Visconti, R. M. & Martiniello, L. (2019). Smart hospitals and patient-centered governance. Corporate Ownership & Control, 16. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3357473.
  187. Yigitcanlar, T. (2018). "Smart city, knowledge city, sustainable city-the brand soup of contemporary cities." International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development, 9, 1-5.
  188. Wang, S. J. & Moriarty, P. (2018a). Big Data for Urban Sustainability: A Human-Centered Perspective. Cham, CH: Springer International.
  189. Wang, S. J. & Moriarty, P. (2018b). "Energy savings from Smart Cities: A critical analysis." Energy Procedia, 158, 3271-3276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.985
  190. Wiig, A. (2016). "The empty rhetoric of the smart city: from digital inclusion to economic promotion in Philadelphia." Urban Geography, 37, 535-553. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1065686
  191. Wilhite H. & Diamond R. (2017). Do smart homes know what people want and allow them to realize it? Proceedings of the 2017 ECEEE Summer Study (pp. 51-58), Hyeres, France. European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy.
  192. Winkowska, J., Szpilko, D. & Pejic, S. (2019). "Smart city concept in the light of the literature review." Engineering Management in Production and Services, 11, 70-86. https://doi.org/10.2478/emj-2019-0012
  193. White House Office of the Press Secretary, The (2015). FACT SHEET: Administration Announces New "Smart Cities" Initiative to Help Communities Tackle Local Challenges and Improve City Services. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-pressoffice/2015/09/14/fact-sheet-administrationannounces-new-smart-cities-initiative-help.
  194. Woetzel, J., Remes, J., Boland, B., Lv, K., Sinha, S.... von der Tann, V. (2018). Smart Cities: Digital Solutions for a More Livable Future. New York, NY: McKinsey Global Institute.
  195. World Economic Forum (2019). Guidelines for AI Procurement [white paper]. Geneva, CH: World Economic Forum.
  196. Xiang Z., Fesenmaier D.R. (2017). Big data analytics, tourism design and smart tourism. In Z. Xiang & D. Fesenmaier (Eds.), Analytics in Smart Tourism Design. Tourism on the Verge. Cham, CH: Springer.
  197. Zelt, T., Narloch, U., Eikmanns, B., Ibel, J., Bastien, P … Wang, R. (2019). The Smart City Breakaway. Munich, DE: Ronal Berger.
  198. Zhu, Z., Yu, M. & Riezebos, P. (2016). "A research framework of smart education." Smart Learning Environments, 3(4), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-016-0024-4
  199. Zion Market Research (2019). Worldwide industry share of smart city market size worth USD 2,700.1 billion by 2024 [Press release]. Retrieved https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/07/17/1883879/0/en/Worldwide-Industry-Share-of-Smart-City-Market-Size-Worth-USD-2-700-1-Billion-By-2024-Zion-Market-Research.html.