DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on the Effects of Cyber Bullying on Cognitive Processing Ability and the Emotional States: Moderating Effect of Social Support of Friends and Parents

  • Yituo Feng (Department of Management Information Systems, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Sundong Kwon (Department of Management Information Systems, Chungbuk National University)
  • 투고 : 2019.06.22
  • 심사 : 2020.01.06
  • 발행 : 2020.03.30

초록

College students experience more cyber bullying than youth and cyber bullying on college students may be more harmful than youth. But many studies of cyber bullying have been conducted in youth, but little has been studied for college students. Therefore, this study investigated the negative effects of college students' cyber bullying experience on cognitive processing ability and emotional states. The social support of friends has a buffering effect that prevents stress and reduces the influence on external damage in stressful situations. But the impact of parental social support is controversial. Traditionally, the social support of parents has been claimed to mitigate the negative effects of external damage. Recently, however, it has been argued that parental social support, without considering the independence and autonomy needs of college students, does not alleviate the negative effects. Therefore, this study examined how the social support of friends and parents moderate the negative impact of cyber bullying. The results show that the more college students experience cyber bullying, the lower their cognitive processing ability and emotional states. And, the higher the social support of friends, the lower the harmful impacts of cyber bullying on cognitive processing ability and emotional states. But, the higher the social support of parents, the higher the harmful impacts of cyber bullying on cognitive processing ability and emotional states.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Ak, S., Ozdemir, Y., and Kuzucu, Y. (2015). Cyber victimization and cyberbullying: The mediating role of anger, don't anger me. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 437-443.
  2. Aquilino, W. S. (2006). Family relationships and support systems in emerging adulthood. In J. J. Arnet and J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 193-217.
  3. Bang, H. J. (2000). A study on the characteristics of the relationship between parents and children in Korean society. Journal of the Korean Psychological Society: Social Affairs, 6(3), 41-65.
  4. Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67(6), 3296-3319.
  5. Bauman, S., Toomey, R. B., and Walker, J. L. (2013). Associations among bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide in high school students. Journal of Adolescence, 36(2), 341-350.
  6. Beattie, G. S. (2005). Social Causes of Depression. Retrieved April, 6, 2006.
  7. Belsey, B. (2006). Cyberbullying: An emerging threat to the "always on" generation. Retrieved from http://www.cyberbullying.ca.
  8. Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette I., and Seeman, T. E. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science and Medicine, 51, 843-857.
  9. Berndt, T. J. (1982). The features and effects of friendships in early adolescence. Child Development, 53, 1447-1460.
  10. Brian, K., Barber., Heidi, E., Stolz., Joseph, A., and Olsen, W. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70(4), i+v+vii+1-147.
  11. Brown, C., and O'Brien, K. M. (1998). Understanding stress and burnout in shelter workers. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 29, 383-385.
  12. Bukowski, W. M., and Hoza, B. (1989). Popularity and friendship: Issues in theory, measurement, and outcome. In T. J. Berndt & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Wiley series on personality processes. Peer relationships in child development (pp. 15-45). John Wiley & Sons.
  13. Cameron, K. S. (2003). Organizational virtuousness and performance, In Kim S. Cameron, Jane E. Dutton, and Robert E. Quinn(eds.) Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline, San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 48-65.
  14. Catherine, F., Karine, S., and Frederic, G. (2013). University students' subjective well-being: The role of autonomy support from parents, friends, and the romantic partner. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(3), 893-910.
  15. Chisholm, J. F., and Day, S. K. (2013). Current status and countermeasures of cyber bullying. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 22(1), 35-57.
  16. Cho, H. J. (2012). Current status and countermeasures of cyberbullying among youths. National Assembly Research Service, 16(2), 16-65.
  17. Choon, B. C. (2015). A study on the relationship between the cyber bulling damage experience and suicide thought of adolescents-focused on the mediating effect of depression. Youth Welfare Research, 17(4), 71-92.
  18. Cohen S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59, 676-684.
  19. Cohen, S., and Hoberman, H. M. (1983). Positive event and social supports as buffers of life stress change. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 99-125.
  20. Cropanzano, R., James, K., and Konovsky, M. A. (1993). Dispositional affectivity as a predictor of work attitudes and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(6), 595-606.
  21. Cutrona, C. E., Cole, V., Colangelo, N., Assouline, S. G., and Russell, D. W. (1994). Perceived parental social support and academic achievement: An attachment theory perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(2), 369-378.
  22. Damasio, A. R. (2000), "A Second Chance for Emotion," in: Lane, R. D., ed., Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion, Oxford, 12-23.
  23. Damon, W. (1977). The social world of the child. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
  24. Desjardins, T., and Lead, B. J. (2017). Changes in parental emotional support and psychological control in early adulthood: Direct and indirect associations with educational and occupational adjustment. Emerging Adulthood, 5(3), 177-190.
  25. Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y. P., Wesselmann, E. D., Zarit, S., Furstenberg, F., and Birditt, K. S. (2012). Helicopter parents and landing pad kids: Intense parental support of grown children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(4), 880-896.
  26. Fingerman, K. L., Miler, L., Birdit, K., and Zarit, S. (2009). Giving to the good and the needy: Parental support of grown children. Journal of Mariage and Family, 71(5), 1220-1233.
  27. Flavell, J. H., Miller, P. H., and Miller, S. A. (2002). Cognitive development (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  28. Fornell, C., and Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  29. Garmezy, N. (1993). Children in poverty: Resilience despite risk. Psychiatry, 56(1), 127-136.
  30. Gugliandolo, M. C., Costa, S., Cuzzocrea, F., and Larcan, R. (2015). Trait emotional intelligence as mediator between psychological control and behaviour problems. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(8), 2290-2300.
  31. Han, C. Y. (2016). The effect of parental overprotective parenting behavior, psychological control and self-identity on the depression of adult entry-level women (Masters dissertation). Ewha Womans University, South Korea.
  32. Hinduja, S., and Patchin, J. W. (2006). Off-line consequence of online victimization: School violence and delinquency. Journal of School Violence, 6(3), 89-112.
  33. Hinduja, S., and Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyber bullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29(2), 1-29.
  34. Hockey, R. (1979) Stress and the cognitive components of skilled performance. In V. Hamilton and D. Warburton (Eds.), Human Stress and Cognition, 141-177. New York: Wiley.
  35. Hong, B., and Nam, M. (2007). Youth welfare theory. Yangseowon.
  36. House, J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
  37. Jang, S. S. (2007). An all-inclusive view of familyism and real-life counseling. Journal of the Korean Psychological Society: Consultation and Psychotherapy, 19(3), 523-537.
  38. Judge, T. A., Woolf, E. F., and Hurst, C. (2009). Is emotional labor more difficult for some than for others? A multilevel experience sampling study. Personnel Psychology, 62(1), 57-88.
  39. Jung, E. Y., and Jang, S.S. (2008). Development of overprotective measures for the perception of the child exploratory factor analysis and verification factor analysis results. Journal of the Korean Psychological Society: Consultation and Psychotherapy, 20(2), 293-312.
  40. Kant, I. (1790). The critique of judgment. Trans. J. H. Bernard. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
  41. Karl, P., and Jill, S. (1991). "Will I ever escape my child's problems?" Effects of adult children's problems on elderly parents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 53(3), 585-594.
  42. Kim, A. R. (2004). A study on the learning and perception of adult learners at the university lifelong education center. Lifelong Education Studies, 10(2), 129-165.
  43. Kim, B. S. (2013). A study on Facebook user's affective effect pertaining to Facebook use: Focusing on subjective happiness. Journal of Social Science, 41(1), 85-109.
  44. Kim, H. J. (2019). The effect of parental overprotection on adolescents' resilience mediating effect of eco-identity and anxiety. Doctoral thesis. Seoul: Ewha Women's University.
  45. Kim, J. A. (1994). A study on ego defense mechanism and anxiety in relation to social support and self-perception. Master thesis. Seoul: Ewha Women's University.
  46. Kim, J. N. (2016). A study on the relationships among theory of mind, language ability and cognitive processing ability for young children. Master Thesis. Seoul: Chung-Ang University.
  47. Kim, M. J. (2014). Influence of cohesive social capital and cyber-bullying in the cyberspace on the adolescents well-being: mediating effect of interpersonal competence. Korean Youth Welfare Society, 16(4), 347-371.
  48. Kim, Y. S., and Cho, E. Y. (1996) A study on the relationship between a mother's attitude to nursing stress, social support and children's social function. Human Development Research, 1(3), 15-24.
  49. Ko, S. H., and Moon, T. W. (2015). The effect of organizational diligence on the behavior of organizational members. Management and Information Research, 33(5), 1-23.
  50. Korea Communications Commission and Korea Internet and Security Agency (2016). 2015 Cyber Violence Survey Report.
  51. Kwon, O. S., and Moon, S. H. (2007). The relations of adolescence's stress, self-control, and impulse buying tendency. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 14(1), 31-46.
  52. Leary, M. R., Haupt, A. L., Strausser, K. S., and Chokel, J. T. (1998). Calibrating the sociometer: The relationship between interpersonal appraisals and the state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1290-1299.
  53. Lee, B. R. (1997). The relationship between parent's psychological attitude and infant's emotional intelligence (Doctoral dissertation). Chung-Ang University, South Korea.
  54. Lee, C. H. (2016). The causes influences and countermeasures of cyberbullying for youth. Korean Political Communication Association, 43, 231-260.
  55. Lee, J. H. (2017). The effect of cyberbullying victim experiences on the depression and anxiety of early adolescents ; moderating effects of developmental assets. Master Thesis. Cheongju: Cheongju University.
  56. Lee, M. S. (2005). The impact of social support for depression and suicide in the elderly (Masters dissertation). Seoul Women's University, South Korea.
  57. Lee, M. Y., and Na, E. Y. (2015). The influence of japan radiation risk information of twitter on optimistic bias: Focusing on the moderation effect of collectivism. Korean Journal of Journalism and Communication Studies, 59(6), 339-362.
  58. Lee, N. H. (2004). The relationships of self-differentiation with personal relations and behavior problems in adolescence: the mediating effect of conflict resolution strategy. Master Thesis. Kyungnam: Kyungnam University.
  59. Logue, A. W. (1995). Self control: Waiting until to-morrow for what you want today. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  60. Manzeske, D. P., and Stright, A. D. (2009). Parenting styles and emotion regulation: The role of behavioral and psychological control during young adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 16(4), 223-229.
  61. Mishna, F., Kassabri, M., Gadalla, T., and Daciuk, J. (2012). Risk factors for involvement in cyber bullying: victims, bullies and bully-victims. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 63-70.
  62. Moon, S. A. (2016). A study on factors influencing on attitude to cyber-bullying by youth : Focusing on mobile instant messenger (Masters dissertation). Chung-Ang University, South Korea.
  63. Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 63(4), 33-44.
  64. Padilla-Walker, L. M., and Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down? Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1177-1190.
  65. Park, A. C. (2001). A causal relationship between adaptation of a college student's home and school life and individualization and self-identity. Childhood Education, 10(1), 161-173.
  66. Park, I. S., Oh, K. O., and Kim, J. I. (1989). A study on the relationship of social support. Life Satisfaction and Depression of The Elderly, Chungnam Medical College 16(1), 245-259.
  67. Park, J. W. (1985). A study on the development of social support scale (Doctoral dissertation). Yonsei University, South Korea.
  68. Parker, J. G., and Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29(4), 611-621.
  69. Patchin, J. W., and Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Justice, 4(2), 148-169.
  70. Patchin, J. W., and Hinduja, S. (2011). Traditional and nontraditional bullying among youth: A test of general strain theory. Youth and Society, 43(2), 727-751.
  71. Pillemer, K., and Suitor, J. J. (1991). "Will I ever escape my child's problems?" effects of adult children's problems on elderly parents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 53(3), 585-594.
  72. Robbins, B. D. (2013). Enactive cognition and the neurophenomenology of emotion. In: Gordon S. (eds) Neurophenomenology and Its Applications to Psychology. Springer, New York, NY.
  73. Robert, S., and Peterk. S. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x
  74. Sarstedt, M., Henseler, J., and Ringle, C. M. (2011). Multi-group analysis in partial least squares (PLS) path modeling: Alternative methods and empirical results. Advances in International Marketing, 22, 195-218.
  75. Smith, J., and Goodnow, J. J. (1999). Unasked-for support and unsolicited advice: Age and the quality of social experience. Psychology and Aging, 14(1), 108-121.
  76. Somers, P., and Settle, J. (2010). The helicopter parent: Research toward a typology. College and University, 86, 18-24.
  77. Spokas, M., and Heimberg, R. G. (2009). Overprotective parenting, social anxiety, and external locus of control: Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 543-551.
  78. Uchino, B. N. (2009). Understanding the links between social support and physical health: A lifespan perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support. Perspectives in Psychological Science, 4, 236-255.
  79. Ungar, M. (2009). Overprotective parenting: Helping parents provide children the right amount of risk and responsibility. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 37, 258-271.
  80. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., and Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The panas scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
  81. Wheaten, B. (1985). Models for the stress-buffering functions of coping resources. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27, 78-89.
  82. Wolfe, J., and Charney, D. S. (1991). Use of neuro psychological assessment in post traumatic stress disorder. Psychol Assess, 3, 573-580.