Acknowledgement
The authors would like to express their appreciation to the Community Sector Services for facilitating this study by providing their members' contact details.
References
- ABS (2002). Small business in Australia 2001. (Catalogue No. 1321.0) Canberra: ABS.
- ABS (2013). Economic activity survey-non-profit institutions survey. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au
- ABS (2015). Australian national accounts: Non-profit institutions satellite account, 2012-13. Reissue. (Catalogue No. 5256.0) Canberra: ABS.
- ABS (2016). Census quickstats. Retrieved from https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/036
- ACNC (2020). Charity size. Retrieved from https://www.acnc.gov.au/tools/topic-guides/charity-size
- Arvidsson, V., Holmstrom, J., and Lyytinen, K. (2014). Information systems use as strategy practice: A multi-dimensional view of strategic information system implementation and use. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 23(1), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2014.01.004
- Asad, M., and Le Dantec, C. A. (2015). Illegitimate civic participation: supporting community activists on the ground. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, ACM, 1694-1703.
- ATO (2014). Tax basics for non-profit organisations. Retrieved from https://www.ato.gov.au/uploadedFiles/Content/SME/downloads/Nonprofit16966Tax_basics_for_non_profit_organisations.pdf
- Berlinger, L. R., and Te'eni, D. (1999). Leaders' attitudes and computer use in religious congregations. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 9(4), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.9405
- Braaksma, J., Commandeur, A., and Berghout, E. W. (2006). The business case for ICT investment evaluation in nonprofit organisations. Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 6(60). The Netherlands: University of Groningen.
- Brady, E., Brace-Govan, J., Brennan, L., and Conduit, J. (2011). Market orientation and marketing in nonprofit organizations. Indications for fundraising from Victoria. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 16(1), 84-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.403
- Burns, R. B. (2000). Introduction to research methods. London, UK: Sage Publications.
- Burrows, D. C. (2012). Digital I: Information system tools for volunteer management. In T. D. Connors (ed.), The volunteer management handbook: Leadership strategies for success (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA. doi: 10.1002/9781118386194.oth12
- Burt, E., and Taylor, J. A. (2000). Information and communication technology: Reshaping voluntary organisations? Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 11(2), 131-143. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.11201
- Burt, E., and Taylor, J. A. (2003). New technologies, embedded values, and strategic change: Evidence from the U.K. voluntary sector. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 32(1), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764002250009
- Bush, M., Lederer, A. L., Li, X., Palmisano, J., and Rao, S. (2009). The alignment of information systems with organizational objectives and strategies in health care. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 78(7), 446-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2009.02.004
- Byrd, T. A., Sambamurthy, V., and Zmud, R. (1995). An examination of IT planning in a large, diversified public organization. Decision Sciences, 26(1), 49-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1995.tb00837.x
- Carey-Smith, M., Nelson, K., and May, M. (2007). Improving information security management in nonprofit organisations with action research. In C. Valli and A. Woodward (eds.). Proceedings of the 5th Australian Information Security Management Conference held in Perth, Western Australia, 4 December, 2007, 38-46. Retrieved from http://igneous.scis.ecu.edu.au/proceedings/2007/aism/AISM_proceedings.pdf
- Cerpa, N., and Verner, J. M. (1998). Case study: The effect of IS maturity on information systems strategic planning. Information and Management, 34(4), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(98)00060-3
- Collins, J. C. (2005). Good to great and the social sectors: A monograph to accompany good to great. New York, USA: HarperCollins.
- Corbin, J., and Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13(1), 3-21. doi: 10.1007/BF00988593
- Corbin, J., and Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research (3rd ed.). USA: Sage Publications.
- Cragg, P., Caldeira, M., and Ward, J. (2011). Organizational information systems competences in small and medium-sized enterprises. Information & Management, 48(8), 353-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2011.08.003
- Cragg, P., Mills, A., and Suraweera, T. (2013). The influence of IT management sophistication and IT support on IT success in small and medium sized enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(4), 617-636. doi: 10.1111/jsbm.12001
- Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California, USA: Sage Publications.
- DeJonckheere, M., and Vaughn, L. M. (2019). Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: A balance of relationship and rigour. Family Medicine and Community Health, 7(2), e000057.
- Donley, A. M. (2012). Research methods. New York, USA: Infobase.
- Earl, M. J. (1993). Experiences in strategic information systems planning. MIS Quarterly, 17(1), 1-24. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org https://doi.org/10.2307/249507
- Fasano, R., and Shapiro, J. J. (1991). Computerizing the small non-profit: Computer consultants' perspective. Computers in Human Services, 8(1), 192-145.
- Flynn, D. J., and Goleniewska, E. (1993). A survey of the use of strategic information systems planning approaches in UK organisations. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 2(4), 292-315. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-8687(93)90008-X
- Forster, J. J., Nirschel, L., and Russell, R. (2008). Nonprofit technology survey. Southwest Pennsylvania, Buyer Centre for Nonprofit Management.
- Forster, J. J., and Ruzanic, R. G. (2010). Nonprofit technology survey 2010. Southwest Pennsylvania, Bayer Center for Nonprofit Management.
- Galliers, R. D., and Sutherland, A. R. (2003). Information systems management and strategy formulation: Applying and extending the 'stages of growth' concept. In R. D. Galliers and D. E. Leidner (eds.), Strategic information management: Challenges and strategies in managing information systems (3rd edition). Oxford, UK: Butterworth Heinemann.
- Geller, S. L., Abramson, A. J., and De Leon, E. (2010). The nonprofit technology gap: Myth or reality?, The listening post project. The Center for Civil Society Studies, Johns Hopkins University.
- Goldkind, L. (2015). Social media and social service: Are nonprofits plugged in to the digital age? Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 39(4), 380-396. https://doi.org/10.1080/23303131.2015.1053585
- Gombault, A., Allal-Cherif, O., and Decamps, A. (2016). ICT adoption in heritage organizations: Crossing the chasm. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 5135-5140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.093
- Gryst, K. (2010). The listening project: What do Australia's nonprofits really want? Retrieved from https://www.connectingup.org/
- Hackler, D., and Saxton, G. D. (2007). The strategic use of information technology by nonprofit organisations: Increasing capacity and untapped potential. Public Administration Review, 67(3), 474-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00730.x
- Huysman, M. H., Fischer, S. J., and Heng, M. S. (1994). An organisational learning perspective on information systems planning. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 3(3), 165-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-8687(94)90024-8
- Isma'ili, A., Li, M., Shen, J., and He, Q. (2016). Cloud computing adoption determinants: An analysis of Australian SMEs. Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems 2016 Proceedings, 1-17.
- Kannabiran, G., Sharda, R., Gupta, A., and Wilson, R. (2009). Predictors of effective is strategy implementation: A longitudinal study of Indian organizations. Asia Pacific Business Review, 5(2), 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/097324700900500201
- Kitchenham, B., and Pfleeger, S. L. (2003). Principles of survey research part 6: Data analysis. SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 28(2), 24-27. https://doi.org/10.1145/638750.638758
- Klemz, J., Simon, G., and Kumar, A. (2003). IS planning in non-profit organisations: an exploratory study. Proceedings of the 2003 International Association for Computer Information Systems, 216-222.
- Leary, M. R. (2008). Introduction to behavioral research methods (5th ed.). Boston, USA: Pearson.
- Leary, M. R. (2012). Introduction to behavioral research methods (6th ed.). Boston, USA: Pearson.
- Le Dantec, C. A., and Edwards, W. K. (2008). The view from the trenches: Organization, power, and technology at two nonprofit homeless outreach centers. Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work Held in San Diego, CA, 589-598.
- Lederer, A. L., and Sethi, V. (1988). The implementation of information systems planning methodologies. MIS Quarterly, 12(3), 445-461. https://doi.org/10.2307/249212
- Lederer, A. L., and Sethi, V. (1992). Meeting the challenges of information system planning. Long Range Planning, 25(2), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(92)90194-7
- Lee, W. J., Kang, Y. J., and Kim, K. S. (2005). Small firms' adoption intention of inter-firm electronic linkages. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 15(2), 171-193.
- Lee, W. K. (2011). An analysis of the roles of experience in information system continuance. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 21(4), 45-62.
- Lewis, D., and Madon, S. (2004). Information systems and nongovernmental development organizations: Advocacy, organizational learning, and accountability. Information Society, 20(2), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240490423049
- Light, P. C. (2004). Sustaining nonprofit performance: The case for capacity building and the evidence to support it. Washington, DC, USA: Brookings Institution.
- Luftman, J., and Ben-Zvi, T. (2010). Key issues for IT executives 2010: Judicious IT investments continue post-recession. MIS Quarterly Executive, 9(4), 263-273.
- Luftman, J., Papp, R., and Brier, T. (1999). Enablers and inhibitors of business-IT alignment. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 1(11).
- Lyons, M. (2001). Third sector: The contribution of nonprofit and cooperative enterprises in Australia. Crows Nest, NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
- Maiers, C., Reynolds, M., and Haselkorn, M. (2005). Challenges to effective information and communication systems in humanitarian relief organizations. Proceedings of the IEEE International Professional Communications Conference, Limerick, Ireland, 82-91.
- Marabelli, M., and Galliers, R. D. (2017). A reflection on information systems strategizing: The role of power and everyday practices. Information Systems Journal, 27(3), 347-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12110
- Martello, M., Watson, J. G., and Fischer, M. J. (2016). Implementing a balanced scorecard in a not-for-profit organization. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 14(3), 61.
- Martinsons, M. G., and Hosley, S. (1993). Planning a strategic information system for a market-oriented non-profit organization. Journal of Systems Management, 44(2), 14.
- McNutt, J. G., and Boland, K. M. (1999). Electronic advocacy by nonprofit organizations in social welfare policy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 28(4), 432-451. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764099284004
- Merkel, C. B., Clitherow, M., Farooq, U., Xiao, L., Ganoe, C., Rosson, M. B., and Carroll, J. M. (2005). Sustaining computer use and learning in community computing contexts: making technology part of who they are and what they do. The Journal of Community Informatics, 1(2), 158-174. https://doi.org/10.15353/joci.v1i2.2049
- Merkel, C., Farooq, U., Xiao, L., Ganoe, C., Rosson, M. B., and Carroll, J. M. (2007). Managing technology use and learning in nonprofit community organizations: Methodological challenges and opportunities. Proceedings of the Computer Human Interaction for the Management of Information Technology Symposium, Cambridge, Massachusetts, New York, USA.
- Mirchandani, D. A., and Lederer, A. L. (2014). Less is more: Information systems planning in an uncertain environment. Information Systems Management, 29(1), 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2012.634293
- Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (6th ed.). New York, USA: Pearson Education.
- O'Brien, R. G., and Castelloe, J. M. (2004). Sample-size analysis in study planning: Concepts and issues, with examples using PROC POWER and PROC GLMPOWER. Proceedings of SUGI 29 Conference, Montreal, Canada.
- Onyx, J. (1993). Career paths in the third sector: Implications for human resource management. Program on nonprofit corporations, Queensland University of Technology.
- Orlikowski, W. J. (1993). CASE tools as organizational change: Investigating incremental and radical changes in systems development. MIS Quarterly, 17(3), 309-340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249774
- Otting, L. G. (2007). Transitioning to the nonprofit sector: Shifting your focus from the bottom line to a better world. Kaplan Publishing
- Pita, Z., Cheong, F., and Corbitt, B. (2008). Approaches and methodologies for strategic information systems planning: an empirical study in Australia. Proceedings of the 19th Austrailasian Conference on Information Systems, Christchurch, New Zealand.
- Pita, Z., Cheong, F., and Corbitt, B. (2009). Major issues in SISP: Insights into the main reason of SISP failure. Proceedings of 17th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2009), Verona, Italy.
- Premkumar, G., and King, W. R. (1991). Assessing strategic information systems planning. Long Range Planning, 24(5), 41-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(91)90251-I
- Premkumar, G., and King W. R. (1994). Organisational characteristics and information systems planning: An empirical study. Information Systems Research, 5(2), 75-109. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.5.2.75
- Productivity Commission Report (2010). Contribution of the not-for-profit sector, research report. Canberra, ACT, Australia.
- Raman, A. (2016). How do social media, mobility, analytics and cloud computing impact nonprofit organizations? A pluralistic study of information and communication technologies in Indian context. Information Technology for Development, 22(3), 400-421. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2014.992002
- Rockart, J. F. (1979). Chief executives define their own data needs. Harvard Business Review, 57(2), 81-93.
- Rudestam, K. E., and Newton, R. R. (2007). Surviving your dissertation: A comprehensive guide to content and process (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, California, USA: Sage Publications.
- Saidel, J. R., and Cour, S. (2003). Information technology and the voluntary sector workplace. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 32(1), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764002250004
- Sarantakos, S. (1998). Social research (3rd ed.). South Melbourne, Australia: Macmillan Education.
- Schneider, J. A. (2003). Small, minority-based nonprofits in the information age. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 13(4), 383-399. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.6
- Sepahvand, R., and Arefnezhad, M. (2013). Prioritization of factors affecting the success of information systems with AHP: A case study of industries and mines organization of Isfahan province. International Journal of Applied, 3(3), 67-77.
- Sligo, J., Gauld, R., Roberts, V., and Villa, L. (2017). A literature review for large-scale health information system project planning, implementation and evaluation. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 97, 86-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2016.09.007
- Taylor-Powell, E., and Renner, M. (2003). Analysing qualitative data. Program Development and Evaluation. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved from http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/g3658-12.pdf
- Teo, T. S., and Ang, J. S. (2000). How useful are strategic plans for information systems? Behaviour and Information Technology, 19(4), 275-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290050086381
- Teo, T. S. H., and Ang, J. S. K. (2001). An examination of major IS planning problems. International Journal of Information Management, 21(6), 457-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-4012(01)00036-6
- Venable, J. R., and Bhattacharjya, J. (2006). Adapting soft systems methodology for strategic information systems planning: An action research study in a non-profit organisation in Australia. Proceedings of the 17th Australasian Conference in Information Systems, Adelaide, Australia.
- Ward, J., and Peppard, J. (2002). Strategic planning for information systems (3rd ed.). London, UK: John Wiley and Sons.
- Wilson, T. D. (1989). The implementation of information system strategies in UK companies: Aims and barriers to success. International Journal of Information Management, 9(4), 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/0268-4012(89)90048-0
- Yang, J., Pita, Z., and Singh, M. (2014). Measurement of determinants for enhancing strategic information systems planning (SISP) success and dynamic capabilities in South Korea. ACIS.
- Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods. California, USA: Sage Publications.
- Zarei, M., Zarei, B., and Ghapanchi, A. H. (2017). Lessons learnt from process improvement in a non-profit organisation. International Journal of Business Excellence, 11(3), 277-300. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBEX.2017.081927
- Zhang, W., Gutierrez, O., Mathieson, K., and Wei, Z. (2010). Information systems research in the nonprofit context: challenges and opportunities. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 27(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.02701