DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

백팩 무게가 일부 대학생의 머리척추각과 목 근활성도에 미치는 영향

The Effect of the Weight of a Backpack on Craniovertebral Angle and Neck Muscle Activities on Some University Students

  • 박천준 (인제대학교 일반대학원 물리치료학과) ;
  • 안덕현 (인제대학교 보건의료융합대학 물리치료학과)
  • Park, Cheon-jun (Department of Physical Therapy, The Graduate School, Inje University) ;
  • An, Duk-hyun (Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science and Engineering, Inje University)
  • 투고 : 2019.11.07
  • 심사 : 2020.01.07
  • 발행 : 2020.02.20

초록

Background: A backpack is available equipment for moving some objects. Most studies have found that the appropriate weight limit of backpack for students is between 10% to 15% of their body weight (BW). However, Some students should carry a backpack heavier than 15% of BW. Therefore, It is associated with abnormal shoulder and neck posture on students. Objects: This study tested the effects that various amounts of weight carried by university students in their backpacks had on their cervical posture and electromyography of neck muscle. Methods: The subjects consisted of 12 students (6 male, 6 female) in university. There were three loading conditions tested: no backpack, a backpack that weighed 10% and 15% of the student's BW. The dependent variables were the craniovertebral angle (tragus to C7) and the neck muscle activities (sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius). All 12 subjects were asked to walk while wearing a backpack for 5 minutes and were then instructed to rest for 2 minutes. Results: When assessing the craniovertebral angle, the results of this study were significantly decreased in the order of 0%, 10%, and 15%. And then, there were significantly increased electromyography of neck muscles that comparison of the weight of 10% and 15% on 0%. It was found that as the weight of the backpack increased, the craniovertebral angle decreased (p < 0.05) and the muscle activities increased (upper trapezius p = 0.012, sternocleidomastoid p = 0.013). Conclusion: Our study recommended that some students shouldn't carry on over the 15% backpack of own weight, and also they should distribute backpack load to equal on body for optimal posture.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Rai A, Agarwal S, Bharti S. Postural effect of back packs on school children: its consequences on their body posture. Int J Health Sci Res 2013;3(10):109-16.
  2. Whittfield JK, Legg SJ, Hedderley DI. The weight and use of schoolbags in New Zealand secondary schools. Ergonomics 2001;44(9):819-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130117881
  3. Hong Y, Brueggemann GP. Changes in gait patterns in 10-year-old boys with increasing loads when walking on a treadmill. Gait Posture 2000;11(3):254-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(00)00055-2
  4. Mohan M, Singh U, Quddus N. Effect of backpack loading on cervical and shoulder posture in Indian school children. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2007;1(2):3-12.
  5. Hong Y, Li JX, Fong DT. Effect of prolonged walking with backpack loads on trunk muscle activity and fatigue in children. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2008;18(6):990-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.06.013
  6. Limon S, Valinsky LJ, Ben-Shalom Y. Children at risk: risk factors for low back pain in the elementary school environment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004;29(6):697-702. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000116695.09697.22
  7. Negrini S, Carabalona R. Backpacks on! Schoolchildren's perceptions of load, associations with back pain and factors determining the load. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002;27(2):187-95. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200201150-00014
  8. Pascoe DD, Pascoe DE, Wang YT, Shim DM, Kim CK. Influence of carrying book bags on gait cycle and posture of youths. Ergonomics 1997;40(6):631-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/001401397187928
  9. Chansirinukor W, Wilson D, Grimmer K, Dansie B. Effects of backpacks on students: measurement of cervical and shoulder posture. Aust J Physiother 2001;47(2):110-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60302-0
  10. Abaraogu UO, Ezenwankwo EF, Nwadilibe IB, Nwafor GC, Ugwuele BO, Uzoh PC, et al. Immediate responses to backpack carriage on postural angles in young adults: a crossover randomized self-controlled study with repeated measures. Work 2017;57(1):87-93. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-172531
  11. Abaraogu UO, Ugwa WO, Onwuka E, Orji E. Effect of single and double backpack strap loading on gait and perceived exertion of young adults. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2016;29(1):109-15. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-150605
  12. Daneshmandi H, Rahmani-Nia F, Hosseini SH. Effect of carrying school backpacks on cardio-respiratory changes in adolescent students. Sport Sci Health 2008;4(1-2):7-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-008-0060-8
  13. Heuscher Z, Gilkey DP, Peel JL, Kennedy CA. The association of self-reported backpack use and backpack weight with low back pain among college students. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2010;33(6):432-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.06.003
  14. Sheir-Neiss GI, Kruse RW, Rahman T, Jacobson LP, Pelli JA. The association of backpack use and back pain in adolescents. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28(9):922-30. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000058725.18067.F7
  15. Troussier B, Davoine P, de Gaudemaris R, Fauconnier J, Phelip X. Back pain in school children. A study among 1178 pupils. Scand J Rehabil Med 1994;26(3):143-6.
  16. Haisman MF. Determinants of load carrying ability. Appl Ergon 1988;19(2):111-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(88)90004-X
  17. Knapik J, Harman E, Reynolds K. Load carriage using packs: a review of physiological, biomechanical and medical aspects. Appl Ergon 1996;27(3):207-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(96)00013-0
  18. Birrell SA, Hooper RH, Haslam RA. The effect of military load carriage on ground reaction forces. Gait Posture 2007;26(4):611-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.12.008
  19. Lehnen GC, Magnani RM, de Sa e Souza GS, Rodrigues FB, de Oliveira Andrade A, Vieira MF. Effects of backpack loads and positions on the variability of gait spatiotemporal parameters in young adults. Res Biomed Eng 2017;33(4):277-84. https://doi.org/10.1590/2446-4740.03517
  20. Vaghela NP, Parekh SK, Padsala D, Patel D. Effect of backpack loading on cervical and sagittal shoulder posture in standing and after dynamic activity in school going children. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8(3):1076-81. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_367_18
  21. Straker LM, O'Sullivan PB, Smith AJ, Perry MC, Coleman J. Sitting spinal posture in adolescents differs between genders, but is not clearly related to neck/shoulder pain: an observational study. Aust J Physiother 2008;54(2):127-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-9514(08)70046-1
  22. Cailliet R. Neck and arm pain. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Co.; 1988;123-69.
  23. Griegel-Morris P, Larson K, Mueller-Klaus K, Oatis CA. Incidence of common postural abnormalities in the cervical, shoulder, and thoracic regions and their association with pain in two age groups of healthy subjects. Phys Ther 1992;72(6):425-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/72.6.425
  24. Raine S, Twomey LT. Head and shoulder posture variations in 160 asymptomatic women and men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(11):823-4.
  25. Moore MK. Upper crossed syndrome and its relationship to cervicogenic headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2004;27(6):414-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2004.05.007
  26. Grimmer K, Williams M. Gender-age environmental associates of adolescent low back pain. Appl Ergon 2000;31(4):343-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(00)00002-8
  27. Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Downey C, Miangolarra-Page JC. Validity of the lateral gliding test as tool for the diagnosis of intervertebral joint dysfunction in the lower cervical spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2005;28(8):610-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.08.014
  28. Schuldt K, Ekholm J, Harms-Ringdahl K, Nemeth G, Arborelius UP. Effects of changes in sitting work posture on static neck and shoulder muscle activity. Ergonomics 1986;29(12):1525-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138608967266
  29. Attwells RL, Birrell SA, Hooper RH, Mansfield NJ. Influence of carrying heavy loads on soldiers' posture, movements and gait. Ergonomics 2006;49(14):1527-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130600757237
  30. Golriz S, Peiffer JJ, Walker BF, Foreman KB, Hebert JJ. The effect of backpack load placement on physiological and selfreported measures of exertion. Work 2018;61(2):273-9. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-182798
  31. Whittfield J, Legg SJ, Hedderley DI. Schoolbag weight and musculoskeletal symptoms in New Zealand secondary schools. Appl Ergon 2004;36(2):193-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2004.10.004
  32. Xu X, Hsiang SM, Mirka GA. The effects of a suspended-load backpack on gait. Gait Posture 2009;29(1):151-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.06.008
  33. Grimmer K, Dansie B, Milanese S, Pirunsan U, Trott P. Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads: a randomised controlled experimental study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2002;3:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-3-10
  34. Shaghayegh Fard B, Ahmadi A, Maroufi N, Sarrafzadeh J. Evaluation of forward head posture in sitting and standing positions. Eur Spine J 2016;25(11):3577-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-015-4254-x
  35. Braun BL, Amundson LR. Quantitative assessment of head and shoulder posture. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989;70(4):322-9.
  36. Darling DW, Kraus S, Glasheen-Wray MB. Relationship of head posture and the rest position of the mandible. J Prosthet Dent 1984;52(1):111-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(84)90192-6
  37. Tepper M, Vollenbroek-Hutten MM, Hermens HJ, Baten CT. The effect of an ergonomic computer device on muscle activity of the upper trapezius muscle during typing. Appl Ergon 2003;34(2):125-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(02)00145-X
  38. Jensen C, Westgaard RH. Functional subdivision of the upper trapezius muscle during maximal isometric contractions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1995;5(4):227-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/1050-6411(94)00011-5
  39. Shin SJ, Yoo WG. Effect of workstation height and distance on upper extremity muscle activity during repetitive below-theknee assembly work. J Occup Health 2015;57(2):193-6. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.14-0168-BR
  40. Lee DY, Nam CW, Sung YB, Kim K, Lee HY. Changes in rounded shoulder posture and forward head posture according to exercise methods. J Phys Ther Sci 2017;29(10):1824-7. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.1824
  41. Nejati P, Lotfian S, Moezy A, Moezy A, Nejati M. The relationship of forward head posture and rounded shoulders with neck pain in Iranian office workers. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2014;28:26.
  42. Ruivo RM, Pezarat-Correia P, Carita AI. Effects of a resistance and stretching training program on forward head and protracted shoulder posture in adolescents. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2017;40(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2016.10.005
  43. Shin YJ, Kim WH, Kim SG. Correlations among visual analogue scale, neck disability index, shoulder joint range of motion, and muscle strength in young women with forward head posture. J Exerc Rehabil 2017;13(4):413-7. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1734956.478
  44. Singla D, Veqar Z. Association between forward head, rounded shoulders, and increased thoracic kyphosis: a review of the literature. J Chiropr Med 2017;16(3):220-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2017.03.004
  45. Yoon JG. Relationship between the muscle activity and muscle fatigue of the upper trapezius and erector spinae during a walking with the backpack. J Coach Dev 2011;13(4):181-8.
  46. Brackley HM, Stevenson JM, Selinger JC. Effect of backpack load placement on posture and spinal curvature in prepubescent children. Work 2009;32(3):351-60. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2009-0833
  47. Ruivo RM, Pezarat-Correia P, Carita AI. Cervical and shoulder postural assessment of adolescents between 15 and 17 years old and association with upper quadrant pain. Braz J Phys Ther 2014;18(4):364-71. https://doi.org/10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0027
  48. Khosravi F, Peolsson A, Karimi N, Rahnama L. Scapular upward rotator morphologic characteristics in individuals with and without forward head posture: a case-control study. J Ultrasound Med 2019;38(2):337-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.14693
  49. Lee KJ, Han HY, Cheon SH, Park SH, Yong MS. The effect of forward head posture on muscle activity during neck protraction and retraction. J Phys Ther Sci 2015;27(3):977-9. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.977
  50. Kim MH, Yi CH, Kwon OY, Cho SH, Yoo WG. Changes in neck muscle electromyography and forward head posture of children when carrying schoolbags. Ergonomics 2008;51(6):890-901. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130701852747

피인용 문헌

  1. 8자형 어깨 보조기와 테이핑 중재가 전방머리자세를 가진 환자의 둥근어깨자세와 등뼈 뒤 굽음 및 가슴우리가동성에 미치는 즉각적인 효과 vol.19, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.21598/jkpnfa.2021.19.2.205