Asia-Pacific Journal of Business (아태비즈니스연구)

KNU The Institute of Management & Economy Research (강원대학교 경영경제연구소)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

How Employee Personality Traits Affect Psychological Contract Breach: The Moderating Effect of Guanxi

근로자의 성격 특성이 심리적 계약 위반에 미치는 영향: ?시의 조절효과를 중심으로

  • Kwon, In-Su (Department of Business Adminstration, Sejong University) ;
  • Kim, Sang-Joon (School of Business, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Lee, Ju-Il (College of Business Administration, University of Ulsan)
  • Received : 2020.11.30
  • Accepted : 2020.12.21
  • Published : 2020.12.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Purpose - This study investigates how employee personality traits affect psychological contract breach. Also, our study examines how Guanxi, a unique socio-cultural characteristic of China, moderates the relationship between personality traits and psychological contract breach. Design/methodology/approach - To test our ideas, we constructed a survey questionnaire based on the literatures on personality traits, Guanxi, and psychological breach. The questionnaires were distributed to Chinese employees, and then we conducted a regression analysis using 378 questionnaires. Findings - We found that neuroticism is positively related to perceived psychological contract breach. We also identified support for the prediction that the positive link between neuroticism and psychological contract breach becomes weaker when employees' awareness of Guanxi is high. Research implications or Originality - This study provides several theoretical and practical implications. First, this study elaborates the personality traits-psychological contract breach relationship by incorporating Guanxi, a critical contingency factor of China. Second, given that the relationship between neuroticism and psychological contract breach can be affected by employees' perceptions of Guanxi, managers should administer Guanxi to function as a lubricant within the organization.

Keywords

References

  1. 강미영, 권종욱 (2018), "World Value Surveys를 활용한 Hofstede 문화차원 측정과 활용에 관한 연구", 아태비즈니스연구, 9(2), 137-152.
  2. 김명언, 민혜경 (1999), "심리적 계약: 계약내용과 계약위반의 부정적 효과", 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 12(1), 155-180.
  3. 김예은, 정선욱 (2020), "상사의 비인격적 감독이 부하직원의 직무 열의에 미치는 영향과 심리적 계약 위반의 매개 효과", 아태비즈니스연구, 11(2), 119-132.
  4. 동가함, 정범구 (2020), "LMX 차별화가 팀 갈등을 통하여 팀 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 정치적 기술의 조절효과", 인적자원개발연구, 23(2), 25-57.
  5. 박상수, 김동환 (2016), "중국 기업인들에 있어서 중국식 사회자본의 역할-꽌시 (Guanxi) 와 신용 (Xinyong)을 중심으로", 한중사회과학연구, 40, 70-95.
  6. 범위, 양신봉, 최병권 (2020), "중국 조직구성원의 집단주의 성향과 조직몰입 및 대인간 도움행위의 관계: 세대간 차이를 중심으로", 아태비즈니스연구, 11(2), 81-98.
  7. 이창훈, 서민교 (2007), "중국비지니스에서 꽌시의 역할과 시사점", 국제상학, 22, 235-255. https://doi.org/10.18104/KAIC.22.1.200703.235
  8. Aggarwal, U. and S. Bhargava (2009), "Reviewing the Relationship between Human Resource Practices and Psychological Contract and their Impact on Employee Attitude and Behaviours: A Conceptual Model", Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(1), 4-31. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590910924351
  9. Anderson, J. C. and D. W. Gerbing (1988), "Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach", Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.103.3.411
  10. Anderson, N. and R. Schalk (1998), "The Psychological Contract in Retrospect and Prospect", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 637-647.
  11. Ang, S. H. and S. M. Leong (2000), "Out of the Mouth of Babes: Business Ethics and Youths in Asia", Journal of Business Ethics, 28(2), 129-144. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006225330894
  12. Argyris, C. (1960), Understanding Organizational Behavior. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
  13. Bagozzi, R. P., Y. Yi and K. D. Nassen (1998), "Representation of Measurement Error in Marketing Variables: Review of Approaches and Extension to Three-Facet Designs", Journal of Econometrics, 89(1-2), 393-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00068-2
  14. Bal, P. M., D. S. Chiaburu and P. G. W. Jansen (2010), "Psychological Contract Breach and Work Performance: Is Social Exchange a Buffer or an Intensifier?", Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(3), 252-273. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011023730
  15. Barrick, M. R. and M. K. Mount (1991), "The Big Five Personality Dimensions and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis", Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x
  16. Barrick, M. R., M. K. Mount and J. P. Strauss (1993), "Conscientiousness and Performance of Sales Representatives: Test for the Mediating Effect of Goal Setting", Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 715-722. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.5.715
  17. Cattell, R. B. (1981). "Where Next in Human Motivation Research? Some Possible Crucial Experiments", In R. Lynn and H. J. Eysenck (Eds.), Dimensions of personality: Papers in Honor of H. J. Eysenck: 53-77. New York: Pergamon.
  18. Chatterjee, S. and A. S. Hadi (2006), Regression Analysis by Example, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
  19. Chen, C. C., Y. R. Chen and K. Xin (2004), "Guanxi Practices and Trust in Management: A Procedural Justice Perspective", Organization Science, 15(2): 200-209. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1030.0047
  20. Child, J. and G. Mollering (2003), "Contextual Confidence and Active Trust Development in the Chinese Business Environment", Organization Science, 14(1): 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.14.1.69.12813
  21. Clark, L. A. and D. Watson (1991), "General Affective Dispositions in Physical and Psychological Health", In C. R. Snyder and D. R. Forsyth (Eds.) Handbook of Social and Clinical Psychology: The Health Perspective. New York: Pergamon.
  22. Conway, N. and R. Briner (2002), "A Daily Diary Study of Affective Responses to Psychological Contract Breach and Exceeded Promises", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 287-302. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.139
  23. Conway, N. and R. B. Briner (2009), "Fifty Years of Psychological Contract Research: What Do We Know and What are the Main Challenges?", In G. P. Hodgkinson and J. K. Ford (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Vol. 24, pp. 71-130). Chichester, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell.
  24. Costa, P. T., Jr and R. R. McCrae (1992), Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and the Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  25. Coyle-Shapiro, J. A-M. and I. Kessler (2002), "Contingent and Non-Contingent Working in Local Government: Contrasting Psychological Contracts", Public Administration, 80(1), 35.
  26. DelCampo, R. (2007), "Understanding the Psychological Contract: A Direction for the Future", Management Research News, 30, 6, 432-440. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170710751926
  27. DeNeve, K. M. and H. Cooper (1998), "The Happy Personality: A Meta-Analysis of 137 Personality Traits and Subjective Well-Being", Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 197. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197
  28. Fornell, C. and D. F. Larcker (1981), "Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics", Journal of Marketing Research, 382-388.
  29. Gakovic, A. and L. E. Tetrick (2003), "Psychological Contract Breach as a Source of Strain for Employees", Journal of Business and Psychology, 18(2), 235-246. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1027301232116
  30. Goldberg, L. R. (1990), "An Alternative "Description of Personality": The Big-Five Factor Structure", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1216-1229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.6.1216
  31. Guo, C. and J. Giacobbe-Miller (2010), "Guanxi Dynamics and Entrepreneurial Firm Creation and Development in China", Management and Organization Review, 6(2): 267-291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2010.00180.x
  32. Harman, H. H. (1967), Modern factor analysis. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.
  33. Hair, J. F., W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, R. E. Anderson and R. L. Tatham (2010), Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall.
  34. Hayes, T. L., H. A. Roehm and J. P. Castellano (1994), "Personality Correlates of Success in Total Quality Manufacturing", Journal of Business and Psychology, 8, 397-411. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02230956
  35. Hills, H. and N. Norvell (1991), "An Examination of Hardiness and Neuroticism as Potential Moderators of Stress Outcomes", Behavioral Medicine, 17(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.1991.9937550
  36. Ho, V. T. (2005), "Social Influence on Evaluations of Psychological Contract Fulfillment", Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 1113-1128.
  37. Hough, L. M., N. K. Eaton, M. D. Dunnette, J. D. Kamp and R. A. McCloy (1990), "Criterion-Related Validities of Personality Constructs and the Effect of Response Distortion on those Validities", Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 581-595. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.75.5.581
  38. Johnson, J. A. (1997), "Seven Social Performance Scales for the California Psychological Inventory", Human Performance, 10, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1001_1
  39. Judge, T. A., J. E. Bono and E. A. Locke (2000), "Personality and Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Job Characteristics", Journal of Applied Psychology, 85: 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.2.237
  40. Judge, T. A., D. Heller and M. K. Mount (2002), "Five-Factor Model of Personality and Job Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis", Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 530-541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.530
  41. Judge. T. A., C. A. Higgins, C. J. Thoresen and M. R. Barrick (1999), "The Big Five Personality Traits, General Mental Ability, and Career Success across the Life Span", Personnel Psychology, 52, 621-652. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1999.tb00174.x
  42. Kahn, H. (1979), World Economic Development - 1979 and Beyond, New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks.
  43. Lester, S. W., W. H. Turnley, J. M. Bloodgood and M. C. Bolino (2002), "Not Seeing Eye to Eye: Differences in Supervisor and Subordinate Perceptions of and Attributions for Psychological Contract Breach", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.126
  44. Levinson, H., C. Price, K. Munden, H. Mandl and C. Solley (1962), Men, Management, and Mental Health. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  45. Li, S. X., X. Yao, C. Sue-Chan and Y. Xi (2011), "Where Do Social Ties Come From: Institutional Framework and Governmental Tie Distribution among Chinese Managers", Management and Organization Review, 7(1): 97-124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2010.00187.x
  46. Millington A., M. Eberhardt and B. Wilkinson (2005), "Gift Giving, Guanxi and Illicit Payments in Buyer-Supplier Relationships in China: Analysing the Experience of UK Companies", Journal of Business Ethics, 57, 2, 255-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-6712-y
  47. Morrison, E. W. and S. L. Robinson (1997), "When Employees Feel Betrayed: A Model of How Psychological Contract Violation Develops", Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 226-256. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1997.9707180265
  48. Nikolaou, I. and M. Tomprou (2007), "Individuals' Inducements and the Role of Personality: Implications for Psychological Contracts", Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(7), 649-663. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710820082
  49. Orvis, K. A., N. M. Dudley and J. M. Cortina (2008), "Conscientiousness and Reactions to Psychological Contract Breach: A Longitudinal Field Study", Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1183-1193. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.1183
  50. Pathak, R. D., P. S. Budhwar, V. Singh and P. Hannas (2005), "Best HRM Practices and Employees' Psychological Outcomes: A Study of Shipping Companies in Cyprus", South Asian Journal of Management, 12(4), 7-24.
  51. Payne, S. C., S. S. Culbertson, W. R. Roswell and E. J. Barger (2008), "Newcomer Psychological Contracts and Employee Socialization Activities: Does Perceived Balance in Obligations Matter?", Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(3), 465-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.09.003
  52. Podsakoff, P. M., S. B. MacKenzie, J. Y. Lee and N. P. Podsakoff (2003), "Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies", Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  53. Raja, U., G. Johns and F. Ntalianis (2004), "The Impact of Personality on Psychological Contracts", Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 350-367. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159586
  54. Restubog, S. L. D., P. Bordia and R. L. Tang (2006), "Effects of Psychological Contract Breach on Performance of IT Employees: The Mediating Role of Affective Commitment", Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79(2), 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317905X53183
  55. Restubog, S. L. D., P. Bordia and R. L. Tang (2007), "Behavioral Outcomes of Psychological Contract Breach in a Non-Western Culture: The Moderating Role of Equity Sensitivity", British Journal of Management, 18(4), 376-386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2007.00531.x
  56. Robinson, S. L. (1996), "Trust and Breach of the Psychological Contract", Administrative Science Quarterly, 41: 574-599. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393868
  57. Robinson, S. L., & Morrison, E. W. (1995). Psychological contracts and OCB: The effect of unfulfilled obligations on civic virtue behavior. Journal of organizational behavior, 16(3), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030160309
  58. Robinson, S. L. and E. W. Morrison (2000), "The Development of Psychological Contract Breach and Violation: A Longitudinal Study", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 525-546. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1379(200008)21:5<525::AID-JOB40>3.0.CO;2-T
  59. Robinson, S. L. and D. M. Rousseau (1994), "Violating the Psychological Contract: Not the Exception but the Norm", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(3), 15.
  60. Robinson, S. L., M. S. Kraatz and D. M. Rousseau (1994), "Changing Obligations and the Psychological Contract: A Longitudinal Study", Academy of Management Journal, 37, 137-152. https://doi.org/10.2307/256773
  61. Rousseau, D. M. (1989), "Psychological and Implied Contracts in Organizations", Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2, 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01384942
  62. Rousseau, D. M. (1995), Psychological Contracts in Organizations: Understanding Written and Unwritten Agreements. London, United Kingdom: Sage.
  63. Rousseau, D. M. and S. Tijioriwala (1996), It takes a good reason to change a psychological contract. Presented at Society for Industrial Organizational Psychology, April, San Diego.
  64. Rousseau, D. M. (2010), "The Individual-Organization Relationship: The Psychological Contract", In S. Zedick (Ed.), APA Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 3: Maintaining, Expanding, and Contracting the Organization, Washington: American Psychological Association, 191-214.
  65. Rousseau, D. M. and K. Wade-Benzoni (1995), "Changing Individual-Organization Attachments: A Two-Way Street", In A. Howard (Ed.), The Changing Nature of Work, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 290-322.
  66. Salgado, J. F. (1997), "The Five Factor Model of Personality and Job Performance in the European Community", Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.1.30
  67. Shore, L. M. and L. E. Tetrick (1994), "The Psychological Contract as an Explanatory Framework in the Employment Relationship", In C. Cooper and D. Rousseau (Eds.), Trends in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 1), New York: John Wiley & Sons Limited, 91-109.
  68. Song, F., C. B. Cadsby and Y. Bi (2012), "Trust, Reciprocity, and Guanxi in China: An Experimental Investigation", Management and Organization Review, 8(2), 397-421. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2011.00272.x
  69. Sparrow, P. (1998), "Re-appraising Psychological Contracting: Lessons for Employee Development from Cross-Cultural and Occupational Psychological Research", International Studies of Management and Organisation, 28(1), 30-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1998.11656726
  70. Tallman, R. R. J. and N. S. Bruning (2008), "Relating Employee's Psychological Contract to their Personality", Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(6), 688-712. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810894756
  71. Tett, P. R., N. D. Jackson and M. Rothstein (1991), "Personality Measures as Predictors of Job Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review", Personnel Psychology, 44, 703-742. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00696.x
  72. Tsui, A. S. and J. L. Farh (1997), "Where Guanxi Matters: Relational Demography and Guanxi in the Chinese Context", Work and Occupations, 24(1), 56-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888497024001005
  73. Turnley, W. H. and D. C. Feldman (1999), "The Impact of Psychological Contract Violations on Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect", Human Relations, 52, 895-922.
  74. Turnley, W. H. and D. C. Feldman (2000), "Re-examining the Effects of Psychological Contract Violations: Unmet Expectations and Job Dissatisfaction as Mediators", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 25-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200002)21:1<25::AID-JOB2>3.0.CO;2-Z
  75. Wong, Y. H., T. K. Leung, H. Hung and E. W. T. Ngai (2007), "A Model of Guanxi Development: Flexibility, Commitment and Capital Exchange", Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 18(8), 875-887. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783360701350607
  76. Wu, J. C. H. (1967), "The Status of the Individual in the Political and Legal Traditions of Old and New China. In C. A. Moore (Ed.), The Chinese Mind: Essentials of Chinese Philosophy and Culture, Honolulu: East-West Center Press, 340-364.
  77. Yeung, I. Y. M. and R. L. Tung R (1996), "Achieving Business Success in Confucian Societies: The Importance of Guanxi (Connections)", Organization Dynamics, 25(2), 54-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(96)90025-X