Acknowledgement
This research was supported by the Animal Medical Institute of Chonnam National University and by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning (NRF-2018R1A2B6006775).
References
- Baltaxe HA, Shaw DD, Connolly JF. Assessment of healing of long-bone fractures by intraosseous venography. Radiology 1980;137:53-56. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.137.1.7422861
- Barros JW, Barbieri CH, Fernandes CD. Scintigraphic evaluation of tibial shaft fracture healing. Injury 2000;31:51-54.
- Calori GM, Giannoudis PV. Enhancement of fracture healing with the diamond concept: the role of the biological chamber. Injury 2011;42:1191-1193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2011.04.016
- Caruso G, Lagalla R, Derchi L, Iovane A, Sanfilippo A. Monitoring of fracture calluses with color Doppler sonography. J Clin Ultrasound 2000;28:20-27. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0096(200001)28:1<20::AID-JCU3>3.0.CO;2-W
- Chang KV, Lew HL, Wang TG, Chen WS. Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in musculoskeletal medicine. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2012;91:449-457. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e31823caaa3
- Choi BI, Kim TK, Han JK, Kim AY, Seong CK, Park SJ. Vascularity of hepatocellular carcinoma: assessment with contrast-enhanced second-harmonic versus conventional power Doppler US. Radiology 2000;214:381-386. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.214.2.r00fe01381
- Corrales LA, Morshed S, Bhandari M, Miclau T 3rd. Variability in the assessment of fracture-healing in orthopaedic trauma studies. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90:1862-1868. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.G.01580
- Cruess RL, Dumont J. Fracture healing. Can J Surg 1975;18:403-413.
- de Jong N, Bouakaz A, Frinking P. Harmonic imaging for ultrasound contrast agents. In: Proceedings of IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium; October 22-25, 2000, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
- den Boer FC, Bramer JA, Patka P, Bakker FC, Barentsen RH, Feilzer AJ, de Lange ES, Haarman HJ. Quantification of fracture healing with three-dimensional computed tomography. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1998;117:345-350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004020050263
- Duerschmied D, Maletzki P, Freund G, Olschewski M, Seufert J, Bode C, Hehrlein C. Analysis of muscle microcirculation in advanced diabetes mellitus by contrast enhanced ultrasound. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008;81:88-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2008.03.002
- Duerschmied D, Olson L, Olschewski M, Rossknecht A, Freund G, Bode C, Hehrlein C. Contrast ultrasound perfusion imaging of lower extremities in peripheral arterial disease: a novel diagnostic method. Eur Heart J 2006;27:310-315. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehi636
- Einhorn TA. The cell and molecular biology of fracture healing. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1998;355:S7-S21. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199810001-00003
- Fischer C, Frank M, Kunz P, Tanner M, Weber MA, Moghaddam A, Schmidmaier G, Hug A. Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) after open and minimally invasive locked plating of proximal humerus fractures. Injury 2016;47:1725-1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2016.05.005
- Frost HM. The biology of fracture healing. An overview for clinicians. Part II. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989;(248):294-309.
- Johnson AL, Houlton JE, Vannini R. In: AO Principles of Fracture Management in The Dog and Cat. Georg Thieme Verlag, Clavadelerstrasse, Switzerland, 2005.
- Keramaris NC, Calori GM, Nikolaou VS, Schemitsch EH, Giannoudis PV. Fracture vascularity and bone healing: a systematic review of the role of VEGF. Injury 2008;39 Suppl 2:S45-S57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-1383(08)70015-9
- Klauser AS, Peetrons P. Developments in musculoskeletal ultrasound and clinical applications. Skeletal Radiol 2010;39:1061-1071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-009-0782-y
- Marsell R, Einhorn TA. The biology of fracture healing. Injury 2011;42:551-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.031
- Nyman HT, Kristensen AT, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, McEvoy FJ. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in normal canine liver. Evaluation of imaging and safety parameters. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005;46:243-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00034.x
- Prantl L, Pfeifer C, Geis S, Gosau M, Jung EM. Osteocutaneous free flaps: a critical analysis of quantitative evaluation of bone microcirculation with contrast-enhanced high resolution ultrasound (hrCEUS) and TIC analysis. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2011;49:251-259. https://doi.org/10.3233/CH-2011-1475
- Prantl L, Pfister K, Kubale R, Schmitt S, Stockhammer V, Jung W, Zorger N, Herold T, Nerlich M, Stehr A, Jung EM. Value of high resolution ultrasound and contrast enhanced US pulse inversion imaging for the evaluation of the vascular integrity of free-flap grafts. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2007;36:203-216.
- Rawool NM, Goldberg BB, Forsberg F, Winder AA, Hume E. Power Doppler assessment of vascular changes during fracture treatment with low-intensity ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med 2003;22:145-153. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2003.22.2.145
- Risselada M, Kramer M, van Bree H. Approaches for ultrasonographic evaluation of long bones in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2003;44:214-220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb01274.x
- Risselada M, Kramer M, Saunders JH, Verleyen P, Van Bree H. Power Doppler assessment of the neovascularization during uncomplicated fracture healing of long bones in dogs and cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006;47:301-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2006.00144.x
- Risselada M, van Bree H, Kramer M, Chiers K, Duchateau L, Verleyen P, Saunders JH. Evaluation of nonunion fractures in dogs by use of B-mode ultrasonography, power Doppler ultrasonography, radiography, and histologic examination. Am J Vet Res 2006;67:1354-1361. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.8.1354
- Schoierer O, Bloess K, Bender D, Burkholder I, Kauczor HU, Schmidmaier G, Weber MA. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can assess vascularity within fracture non-unions and predicts good outcome. Eur Radiol 2014;24:449-459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-3043-3
- Shapiro RS, Wagreich J, Parsons RB, Stancato-Pasik A, Yeh HC, Lao R. Tissue harmonic imaging sonography: evaluation of image quality compared with conventional sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998;171:1203-1206. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.171.5.9798848