Acknowledgement
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2018R1A2B6006775).
References
- Bertolini G. The urinary system. In: Bertolini G, editor. Body MDCT in Small Animals: Basic Principles, Technology, and Clinical Applications. 1st ed. Padua: Springer; 2017, 199-201.
- Nolte-Ernsting C, Cowan N. Understanding multislice CT urography techniques: many roads lead to Rome. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(12):2670-2686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-006-0386-z
- Szolar DH, Kammerhuber F, Altziebler S, Tillich M, Breinl E, Fotter R, et al. Multiphasic helical CT of the kidney: increased conspicuity for detection and characterization of small (< 3-cm) renal masses. Radiology. 1997;202(1):211-217. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.202.1.8988213
- Van Der Molen AJ, Cowan NC, Mueller-Lisse UG, Nolte-Ernsting CC, Takahashi S, Cohan RH, et al. CT urography: definition, indications and techniques. A guideline for clinical practice. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(1):4-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-007-0792-x
- Yuh BI, Cohan RH. Different phases of renal enhancement: role in detecting and characterizing renal masses during helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;173(3):747-755. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.173.3.10470916
- Birnbaum BA, Jacobs JE, Ramchandani P. Multiphasic renal CT: comparison of renal mass enhancement during the corticomedullary and nephrographic phases. Radiology. 1996;200(3):753-758. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.200.3.8756927
- Cohan RH, Sherman LS, Korobkin M, Bass JC, Francis IR. Renal masses: assessment of corticomedullary-phase and nephrographic-phase CT scans. Radiology. 1995;196(2):445-451. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.196.2.7617859
- O'Connor OJ, Maher MM. CT urography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195(5):W320-W324. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.10.4198
- Potenta SE, D'Agostino R, Sternberg KM, Tatsumi K, Perusse K. CT urography for evaluation of the ureter. Radiographics. 2015;35(3):709-726. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2015140209
- Schwarz T. Urinary system. In: Schwarz T, Saunders J, editors. Veterinary Computed Tomography. 1st ed. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2011, 331-338.
- Chow LC, Kwan SW, Olcott EW, Sommer G. Split-bolus MDCT urography with synchronous nephrographic and excretory phase enhancement. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189(2):314-322. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.07.2288
- Dahlman P, van der Molen AJ, Magnusson M, Magnusson A. How much dose can be saved in three-phase CT urography? A combination of normal-dose corticomedullary phase with low-dose unenhanced and excretory phases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;199(4):852-860. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.11.7209
- Lee D, Cho ES, Kim JH, Kim YP, Lee HK, Yu JS, et al. Optimization of split-bolus CT urography: effect of differences in allocation of contrast medium and prolongation of imaging delay. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017;209(1):W10-W17.
- Dillman JR, Caoili EM, Cohan RH, Ellis JH, Francis IR, Nan B, et al. Comparison of urinary tract distension and opacification using single-bolus 3-Phase vs split-bolus 2-phase multidetector row CT urography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2007;31(5):750-757. https://doi.org/10.1097/RCT.0b013e318033df36
- Sussman SK, Illescas FF, Opalacz JP, Yirga P, Foley LC. Renal streak artifact during contrast-enhanced CT: comparison of low versus high osmolality contrast media. Abdom Imaging. 1993;18(2):180-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00198059
- Zeidel ML, Hoenig MP, Palevsky PM. A new CJASN series: renal physiology for the clinician. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(7):1271-1271. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10191012
- Bombinski P, Brzewski M, Warchol S, Biejat A, Banasiuk M, Golebiowski M. Computed tomography urography with iterative reconstruction algorithm in congenital urinary tract abnormalities in children - association of radiation dose with image quality. Pol J Radiol. 2018;83:e175-e182. https://doi.org/10.5114/pjr.2018.75808
- Chen CY, Hsu JS, Jaw TS, Shih MC, Lee LJ, Tsai TH, et al. Split-bolus portal venous phase dual-energy CT urography: protocol design, image quality, and dose reduction. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;205(5):W492-W501. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.14.13687
- Kim SY, Cho JY, Lee J, Hwang SI, Moon MH, Lee EJ, et al. Low-tube-voltage CT urography using low-concentration-iodine contrast media and iterative reconstruction: a multi-institutional randomized controlled trial for comparison with conventional CT urography. Korean J Radiol. 2018;19(6):1119-1129. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2018.19.6.1119
- Fusellier M, Desfontis JC, Madec S, Gautier F, Debailleul M, Gogny M. Influence of three anesthetic protocols on glomerular filtration rate in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2007;68(8):807-811. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.68.8.807
- Kushiro-Banker T, Keegan RD, Decourcey MA, Grubb TL, Greene SA, Armstrong R. Effects of tepoxalin and medetomidine on glomerular filtration rate in dogs. J Vet Med Sci. 2013;75(1):69-74. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.12-0062
- Lobetti R, Lambrechts N. Effects of general anesthesia and surgery on renal function in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2000;61(2):121-124. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.121