DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Modelling of evaporation from free water surface

  • Song, Wei-Kang (School of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University) ;
  • Chen, Yibo (School of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University)
  • 투고 : 2019.06.18
  • 심사 : 2020.03.16
  • 발행 : 2020.05.10

초록

The process of evaporation from free water surface was simulated in a large scale environmental chamber under various controlled atmospheric conditions and also was modelled by a new mass transfer model. Six evaporation tests were conducted with increasing wind speed and air temperature in the environmental chamber, and hence the effect of atmosphere parameters on the evaporation process and the corresponding response of water were investigated. Furthermore, based on the experiment results, seven general types of mass transfer models were evaluated firstly, and then a new model consisted of wind speed function and air relative humidity function was proposed and validated. The results show that the free water evaporation is mainly affected by the atmospheric parameters and the evaporation rate increases with the increasing air temperature and wind speed. Both the air and soil temperatures are affected by the energy transformation during water evaporation. The new model can satisfactorily describe the evaporation process from free water surface under different atmospheric conditions.

키워드

과제정보

연구 과제 주관 기관 : China Postdoctoral Science Foundation

The research described in this paper was financially supported by the Key Scientific Research Project of the Higher Education Institutions of Henan Province (Grant No. 18A560024), the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC1502600), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project (Grant No. 2018T110742, 2016M592312).

참고문헌

  1. Asdrubali, F. (2009), "A scale model to evaluate water evaporation from indoor swimming pools", Energy Build., 41(3), 311-319. https://doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.10.001.
  2. Blanken, P.D., Spence, C., Hedstrom, N. and Lenters, J.D. (2011), "Evaporation from Lake Superior: 1. Physical controls and processes", J. Great Lakes Res., 37(4), 707-716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2011.08.009.
  3. Blazquez, J.L.F., Maestre, I.R., Gallero, F.J.G. and Gomez, P.A. (2018), "Experimental test for the estimation of the evaporation rate in indoor swimming pools: Validation of a new CFD-based simulation methodology", Build. Environ., 138, 293-299. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.05.008.
  4. Brutsaert, W. (1988), Evaporation into the Atmosphere: Theory, History, and Applications, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
  5. Chartzoulakisa, K. and Bertaki, M. (2015), "Sustainable water management in agriculture under climate change", Agric. Agric. Sci. Procedia, 4, 88-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.03.011.
  6. Cuce, P.M. and Riffat, S. (2016), "A state of the art review of evaporative cooling systems for building applications", Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 54, 1240-1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.066.
  7. Fowe, T., Karambiri, H., Paturel, J.E., Poussin, J.C. and Cecchi, P. (2015), "Water balance of small reservoirs in the Volta basin: A case study of Boura reservoir in Burkina Faso", Agric. Water Manage., 152, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.01.006.
  8. Fu, G.B., Charles, S.P. and Yu, J.J. (2009), "A critical overview of pan evaporation trends over the last 50 years", Clim. Change, 97(1-2), 193-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9579-1.
  9. Fu, G.B., Liu, C.M., Chen, S.L. and Hong, J.L. (2004), "Investigating the conversion coefficients for free water surface evaporation of different evaporation pans", Hydrol. Process., 18(12), 2247-2262. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5526.
  10. Gianniou, S.K. and Antonopoulos, V .Z. (2007), "Evaporation and energy budget in Lake Vegoritis, Greece", J. Hydrol., 345(3-4), 212-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.08.007.
  11. Jodat, A., Moghiman, M. and Anbarsooz, M. (2012), "Experimental comparison of the ability of Dalton based and similarity theory correlations to predict water evaporation rate indifferent convection regimes", Heat Mass Transfer, 48(8), 1397-1406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-012-0984-z.
  12. Lenters, J., Kratz, T. and Bowser, C. (2005), "Effects of climate variability on lake evaporation: results from a long-term energy budget study of Sparkling Lake, northern Wisconsin (USA)", J. Hydrol., 308, 168-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.10.028.
  13. Mohamed, A.A., Sasaki, T. and Watanabe, K. (2000), "Solute transport through unsaturated soil due to evaporation", J. Environ. Eng., 126(9), 842-848. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:9(842).
  14. Morton, F. (1967), "Evaporation from large deep lakes", Water Resour. Res., 3(1), 181-200. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR003i001p00181.
  15. Pauken, M.T. (1999), "An experimental investigation of combined turbulent free and forced evaporation", Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 18(4), 334-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0894-1777(98)10038-9.
  16. Piri1, J., Amin, S., Moghaddamnia, A., Keshavarz, A., Han, D. and Remesan, R. (2009), "Daily pan evaporation modeling in a hot and dry climate", J. Hydrol. Eng., 14(8), 803-811. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.000005
  17. Raimundo, A.M., Gaspar, A.R., Oliveira, A.V.M. and Quintela, D.A. (2014), "Wind tunnel measurements and numerical simulations of water evaporation in forced convection airflow", Int. J. Therm. Sci., 86, 28-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2014.06.026.
  18. Shah, M.M. (2003), "Prediction of evaporation from occupied indoor swimming pools", Energy Build., 35(7), 707-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00211-6.
  19. Shah, M.M. (2012), "Improved method for calculating evaporation from indoor water pools", Energy Build., 49, 306-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.02.026.
  20. Singh, V.P. and Xu, C.Y. (1997), "Evaluation and generalization of 13 mass-transfer equations for determining free water evaporation", Hydrol. Process., 11(3), 311-323. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19970315)11:3<311::AID-HYP446>3.0.CO;2-Y .
  21. Song, L., Li, J., Garg, A. and Mei, G. (2018a), "Experimental study on water exchange between crack and clay matrix", Geomech. Eng., 14(3), 283-291. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.14.3.283.
  22. Song, W.K., Cui, Y.J. and Ye, W.M. (2018b), "Modelling of water evaporation from bare sand", Eng. Geol., 233, 281-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.12.017.
  23. Song, W.K., Cui, Y.J., Tang, A.M. and Ding, W.Q. (2013), "Development of a large scale environmental chamber for investigating soil water evaporation", Geotech. Test. J., 36(6), 847-857. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20120142.
  24. Song, W.K., Cui, Y.J., Tang, A.M., Ding, W.Q. and Wang, Q. (2016), "Experimental study on water evaporation from compacted clay using environmental chamber", Can. Geotech. J., 53 (8), 1293-1304. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0415.
  25. Tang, R. and Etzion, Y. (2004), "Comparative studies on the water evaporation rate from a wetted surface and that from a free water surface", Build. Environ., 39(1), 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2003.07.007.
  26. Wang, Z., Kwon, S., Qiao, L., Bi, L. and Yu, L. (2017), "Estimation of groundwater inflow into an underground oil storage facility in granite", Geomech. Eng., 12(6), 1003-1020. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.6.1003.
  27. Winter, T., Buso, D., Rosenberry, D., Likens, G., Sturrock Jr., A. and Mau, D. (2003), "Evaporation determined by the energy-budget method for Mirror Lake, New Hampshire", Limnol. Oceanogr., 48(3), 995-1009. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.0995.
  28. Xiao, K., Griffisa, T.J., Bakera, J.M., Bolstad, P.V., Erickson, M.D., Leed, X., Wood, J.D., Hu, C. and Nieber, J.L. (2018), "Evaporation from a temperate closed-basin lake and its impact on present, past, and future water level", J. Hydrol., 561, 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.03.059.
  29. Yihdego, Y. and Webb, J.A. (2018), "Comparison of evaporation rate on open water bodies: Energy balance estimate versus measured pan", J. Water Clim. Change, 9(1), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2017.139.
  30. Zhao, G. and Gao, H. (2019), "Estimating reservoir evaporation losses for the United States: Fusing remote sensing and modeling approaches", Remote Sens. Environ., 226, 109-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.03.015.
  31. Zola, R.P., Bengtsson, L., Berndtsson, R., Marti-Cardona, B., Satge, F., Timouk, F., Bonnet, M.P., Mollericon, L., Gamarra, C. and Pasapera, J. (2019), "Modelling Lake Titicaca's daily and monthly evaporation", Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23(2), 657-668. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-657-2019.