Anayses & Alternatives (분석과 대안)

Korea Consensus Institute(KCI) (사단법인 코리아컨센서스연구원)
권호 표지

Gendered Politics of Memory and Power: Making Sense of Japan's Peace Constitution and the Comfort Women in East Asian International Relations

記憶とパワーのジェンダーポリティックス: 東アジアの国際関係において日本の平和憲法と慰安部問題の意味づけ

  • Received : 2020.08.16
  • Accepted : 2020.09.17
  • Published : 2020.09.29
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This paper examines how Japanese society produced and reproduced a distinctively gendered history and memories of the experience of WWII and colonialism in the postwar era. We argue that these gendered narratives, which were embedded in postwar debates about the Peace Constitution and comfort women, have engendered contradictions and made the historical conflicts with neighboring countries challenging to resolve. On the one hand, this deepens conflict, but on the other, it also generates stability in East Asia. After Japan's defeat in WWII, the American Occupation government created the Peace Constitution, which permanently "renounces war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes." The removal of the state's monopoly on violence - the symbol of masculinity - resulted in Japan's feminization. This feminization led to collective forgetting of prewar imperialism and militarism in postwar Japan. While collectively forgetting the wartime history of comfort women within these feminized narratives, the conservative movement to revise the Peace Constitution attempted to recover Japan's masculinity for a new, autonomous role in international politics, as uncertainty in East Asia increased. Ironically, however, this effort strengthened Japan's femininity because it involved forgetting Japan's masculine role in the past. This forgetting has undermined efforts to achieve masculine independence, thus reinforcing dependence on the United States. Recurrent debates about the Peace Constitution and comfort women have influenced how Japanese political elites and intellectual society have constructed distinctive social institutions, imagined foreign relations, and framed contemporary problems, as indicated in their gendered restructuring of history.

Keywords

References

  1. 일본군성노예제 문제해결을 위한 정의기억연대. "피해자들의 외침: 김복동 할머니의 삶" (http://womenandwar.net/kr/testimony/).
  2. 일본군성노예제 문제해결을 위한 정의기억연대. "피해자들의 외침: 길원옥 할머니의 삶" (http://womenandwar.net/kr/testimony/).
  3. 이나영. (2013). 글/로컬 젠더 질서와 한반도 여성의 몸: 일본군 '위안부'와 미군 기지촌 '양공주'. 동방학지, 161, 3-38.
  4. 이나영. (2014). 한국사회의 중층적 젠더 불평등: 평등 신화와 불/변하는 여성들의 위치성. 한국여성학, 30(4), 1-45.
  5. 이나영. (2017). 페미니스트 질적 연구의 원리: 입장 인식론과 페미니스트 정치학을 중심으로. 미디어, 젠더 & 문화, 32(4), 71-99.
  6. 이나영. (2018). 페미니스트 정의론의 관점에서 본 일본군 성노예제 문제의 의미와 과제. 젠더와문화, 11(2), 125-156.
  7. 이지영. (2013). 일본사회의 일본군 위안부 문제에 대한 담론의 고찰. 한국정치학회보, 47(5), 407-429.
  8. 이채원. (2020). 일본군 '위안부'에 대한 페미니즘과 내셔널리즘의 역학관계- 트랜스내셔널 페미니즘의 구축과 한일 여성연대 가능성. 아시아여성연구, 59(1), 125-165.
  9. 우에노 치즈코. (1999). 누가 일본군 위안부였던 여성의 침묵을 강요하였는가. 박종철출판사.
  10. 최은주. (2014). 전후 일본의 조선인 위안부 표상, 그 변용과 굴절: '춘부전(春婦?)'의 출판/영화화 과정에서 드러나는 전후 일본의 전쟁기억/표상/젠더. 페미니즘연구, 14(2), 3-28.
  11. 최현실. (2013). 20-21세기 한반도에서 국가적 성폭력과 그 희생제의로서 여성의 몸: 일본군위안부, 여성 빨치산, 그리고 여성 탈북자의 삶을 중심으로. 한국민족문화, 46, 277-311.
  12. Benfell, S. (2002). Why Can't Japan Apologize?. Harvard Asia Quarterly, 6(2), 4-11.
  13. Bennedict, R. (1946). The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. New York: New American Library.
  14. Berger, T. (2003). Cultures of Antimilitarism: National Security in Germany and Japan. Baltimore, Md: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  15. Bix, H. P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: Harper Collin Publishers.
  16. Ueno, C. (1999). The Politics of Memory: Nation, Individual and Self. History and Memory, 11(2), 129-152. https://doi.org/10.1353/ham.2005.0001
  17. Cumings, B. (1997). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
  18. Cumings, B. (1999). Parallax Vision: Making Sense of American-East Asian Relation at the End of the Century. Durham: Duke University Press.
  19. Dower, J. W. (1999). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of WW II. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
  20. Dower, J. (1987). War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War, Pantheon Books, New York, N.Y.
  21. Field, N. (1997). War and Apology: Japan, Asia, the Fiftieth and After, Positions, 5(1), 1-51. https://doi.org/10.1215/10679847-5-1-1
  22. Field, N. (1993). In the Realm of a Dying Emperor: Japan at Century's End. New York: Vintage Books.
  23. Martha, M. (2002). Breaking the cycles of Hatred: Memory, Law, and Repair, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  24. Gries, P. (2004). China's New Nationalism: Pride, Politics and Diplomacy. Berkely: University of California Press.
  25. Igarashi, Y. (2000). Bodies of Memory: Narratives of War in Postwar Japanese Culture, 1945-1970. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  26. Kim, T. (2018). The Moral Realism of the Postwar Japanese Intellectuals. University of Chicago.
  27. Lafeber, W. (1998). The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
  28. Lim, S. (2018). Rule of the House: Family Law and Domestic disputes in Colonial Korea. Berkley: University of California Press.
  29. Lind, J. (2010). Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  30. Morris-Suzuki, T, Morris L, L. Petrov. and Timothy Y. T. (2012). East Asia Beyond the History Wars: Confronting the Ghosts of Violence. New York: Routledge.
  31. Shibusawa, Naoko. (2010). America's Geisha Ally: Reimagining the Japanese Enemy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  32. Trouillot, M. R. (2000). Abortive Rituals: Historical Apologies in the Global Era. Interventions, 2(2), 171-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/136980100427298
  33. Wakabayashi, B. T. (2003). Review Article: Comfort Women: Beyond Litigious Feminism. Monumenta Nipponica, 58(2), 223-258.
  34. Walzer, M. (1977). Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument With Historical Illustrations. New York: Basic Books.
  35. Wendt, A. (1999). Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  36. Yoneyama, L. (1999). Hiroshima Traces: Time, Space, and the Dialectics of Memory. Berkley: University of California Press.
  37. 高柳賢三. (1961). 憲法第九条, 自由, 3(12), 46-63.
  38. 日本国憲法. 第九条.
  39. 高坂正堯. (1963). 現実主義者の平和論. 中央公論, 78(1), 38-49.
  40. 高坂正堯. (1964). 国際政治の多元化と日本. 中央公論, 79(12), 106-107.
  41. 高坂正堯. (1966). 国際政治-恐怖と希望. 東京: 中公新書.
  42. 高坂正堯. (1964). 海洋国家日本の構想. 中央公論, 79(9), 48-80.
  43. 猪木正道. (1962). 私の憲法擁護論. 世界, 198, 72-75.
  44. 猪木正道. (1965). アメリカの東南アジア政策. 中央公論, 80(4), 62-70.
  45. 猪木正道. (1962). 日本の民族主義は可能か. 自由, 4(3), 2-11.
  46. 永井陽之助. (1967). 平和の代償. 東京: 中央公論社.
  47. 永井陽之助. (1966). 日本外交における拘束と選択. 中央公論, 81(3), 46-85.
  48. 永井陽之助. (1965). 米国の戦争観と毛沢東の挑戦. 中央公論, 80(6), 50-90.
  49. 永井陽之助. (1966). 日本外交における拘束と選択. 中央公論, 81(3), 46-85.
  50. 江藤淳. (1965). アメリカと私. 東京: 講談社.
  51. 江藤淳. (1980). 1946年憲法- その拘束. 東京: 文芸春秋社.
  52. 江藤淳. (1980). 1946年憲法- その拘束.補遺. 諸君, 90-99.
  53. 福田恒存. (1964). 平和論の進め方についての疑問. 中央公論, 79(10), 315-328.
  54. 福田恒存. (1966). 福田恒存 著作集, 第5. 東京: 新潮社, 177-198.
  55. 読売新聞. (1959). 財産権労働三権関係聞く, 憲法調査会にしに, (十月二十二日). 読売新聞.
  56. 福澤諭吉. (1885). 脱亜論, (三月十六日). 時事新報.
  57. 外務省. (1993). 慰安婦関係調査結果発表に関する河野内閣官房長官談話, (八月四日).