International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication

The Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication (한국인터넷방송통신학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Inhibiton Effects of Hypercholesterolemia and Platelet in Fermented and Non-Fermented Preparation of Garlic

  • Kim, Hyun-Kyoung (Department of Food Science and Engineering, Seowon University)
  • Received : 2019.08.07
  • Accepted : 2019.08.17
  • Published : 2019.11.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This Dietary cholesterol augments lipid profile and primes production and activation of platelets, leading to development of atherosclerosis which produce several detrimental effects on cardiovascular health. Ethnomedicine and Mediterranean diet are natural sources and cost effective modes against several ailments including cardiovascular diseases while fermented foods have gained interest due to their increased nutrient profile, enhanced bioavailability and efficacy. Garlic has been known to reduce cholesterol and inhibit platelet activation. We examined whether fermented garlic ameliorates effects of hypercholesterolemia and platelet functions in rats. Methodology: Male SD rats were fed with hypercholesterolemia diet and treated with spirulina, fermented and non-fermented preparations of garlic for one month. Platelet aggregation and granule secretion were assessed to evaluate platelet activation. Liver and kidney weights, lipid and enzymatic profile of serum and whole blood analysis was performed. Expressions of SREBP, ACAT-2 and HMG-CoA were assessed using RT-PCR while liver and adipose tissues were analyzed for histological changes. Both fermented and non-fermented garlic inhibited platelet aggregation and granule secretion while fermented garlic showed greater inhibitor tendency. Fermented garlic significantly reduced liver weight and triglycerides concentrations than non-fermented garlic. Similarly, fermented garlic greatly abrogated the detrimental effects of steatosis on liver and adipose tissues. Fermented garlic significantly improved lipid profile and modulated platelet functions, thereby inhibiting atherosclerosis and platelet related cardiovascular disorders.

Keywords

References

  1. J. M. Kang, and S. W. Lee, "Strategy design to protect personal information on fake news based on bigdata and artificial intelligence," International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication(IJIBC), Vol.11, No. 2, pp.59-66, April 2019. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.7236/IJIBC.2019.11.2.59.
  2. T. N. Ngoc, and T. H. Jeon, "Implementation of spectrum analysis system for vibration monitoring," International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication(IJIBC), Vol.11, No.2, pp.27-30, March 2019. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.7236/IJIBC.2019.11.2.27.
  3. D. Mozaffarian, et al., "Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update a report from the American Heart Association," Circulation, Vol. 133, No.4, pp.e38-e48. January 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000350.
  4. S. Mitchell, S. Roso, M. Samuel, and M. Pladevall-Vila, "Unmet need in the hyperlipidaemia population with high risk of cardiovascular disease: a targeted literature review of observational studies," BMC cardiovascular disorders, Vol. 16, No.1, pp.74. April 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12872-016-0241-3.
  5. B. Fletcher, et al., "Managing abnormal blood lipids: A collaborative approach: Cosponsored by the councils on cardiovascular nursing; arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology; basic cardiovascular sciences; cardiovascular disease in the young; clinical cardiology; epidemiology and prevention; nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism; and stroke; and the preventive cardiovascular nurses association," Circulation, Vol. 112, No. 20, pp.3184-3209, November 2005. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/CIRCULATIONANA.105.1691801circulation.205;112. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169180
  6. A. P, Owens, et al., "Monocyte tissue factor-dependent activation of coagulation in hypercholesterolemicmice and monkeys is inhibited by simvastatin," The Journal of clinical investigation, Vol. 122, No.2, pp. 558-568. January 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI58969.Epub2012Jan3.
  7. N. Wang, and A. R. Tall, "Cholesterol in platelet biogenesis and activation," Blood, Vol. 127, No.16, pp. 1949-1953, April 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-01-631259.
  8. N. E, Barrett, et al., "Future innovations in anti-platelet therapies," British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 154, No.5, pp. 918-39, July 2008. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjp.2008.151.
  9. N, Mackman, "Triggers, targets and treatments for thrombosis," Nature, Vol. 451, No.7181, pp. 914-918. February 2008. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06797.
  10. S, Rastogi, M. M. Pandey, and A. K, Rawat, "Traditional herbs: a remedy for cardiovascular disorders. Phytomedicine," Vol. 23, No.11, pp.1082-1089, November 2016 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed2015.10.012.Epub2015Nov10.
  11. J. M. Kerver, E. J. Yang, L. Bianchi, W. O. Song, "Dietary patterns associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease in healthy US adults," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol.78, No.6, pp.1103-1110, Dectember 2003. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.6.1103.
  12. A. K, Dutta-Roy, "Dietary components and human platelet activity," Platelets, Vol. 13, No.2, pp. 67-75. March2002. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0953710012111540.
  13. G, Vilahur, and L. Badimon, "Antiplatelet properties of natural products," Vascular Pharmacology, Vol. 59, No.3-4, pp. 67-75, September-October 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2013.08.002.Epub2013Aug28.
  14. H, Amagase, "Clarifying the real bioactive constituents of garlic," The Journal of nutrition, Vol. 136, No. 3, pp. 716S-725S. March 2006. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.93/jn/136.3.7165.
  15. B, Kim, et al., "A review of fermented foods with beneficial effects on brain and cognitive function," Preventive nutrition and food science, Vol. 21, No.4, pp. 297-309, December 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2016.21.4.297.
  16. H. S, Lee, M. R. Kim, Y. Park, H. J. Park, V, J. Chang, S. Y. Kim, H. J. Suh, "Fermenting red ginseng enhances its safety and efficacy as a novel skin care anti-aging ingredient: in vitro and animal study," Journal of Medicinal Food, Vol. 15, No.11, pp. 1015-1023, December 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.2187.
  17. Z, Li, et al., "Signaling during platelet adhesion and activation," Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, Vol.30, No.12, pp. 2341-2349, November 2010. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/ATVBAHA.110.2075221.
  18. A, Shukla, A, Bettzieche, F. Hirche, C. Brandsch, G. I, Stangi, "Dietary fish protein alters blood lipid concentrations and hepatic genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis in the rat model," British Journal of Nutrition, Vo. 96, No.4, pp. 674-682, October 2007.
  19. H, Okazaki, et al., "Increased cholesterol biosynthesis and hypercholesterolemia in mice overexpressing squalene synthase in the liver," Journal of lipid research, Vol. 47, No.9, pp. 1950-1958, Sepember2006. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M600224-JLR200.
  20. T. T, Li, et al., "Regulatory efficacy of the polyunsaturated fatty acids from microalgae Spirulina platensis on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in high-fat diet rats. International journal of molecular sciences," Vol. 19, No.10, pp. 3075. October 2018. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103075.
  21. L. M, Colla, A. L, Muccillo-Baisch, and J. A. V. Costa, "Spirulina platensis effects on the levels of total cholesterol, HDL and triacylglycerols in rabbits fed with a hypercholesterolemic diet," Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, Vol. 51, No.2, pp. 405-411, April 2008. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132008000200022.
  22. S. H, Cheong, et al., "Spirulina prevents atherosclerosis by reducing hypercholesterolemia in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet," Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology, Vol. 56, No.1, pp. 34-40.2010. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.56.34.
  23. R, Estruch, et al., "Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet," N Engl J Med, Vol. 368, No.14, pp. 1279-1290, April 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoal200303.
  24. K. Rahman, and D. Billington, "Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in humans," The Journal of nutrition, Vol. 130, No.11, pp. 2662-2665, November 2000. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.11.2662.
  25. B. G, Nordestgaard, and A. Varbo, "Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease," The Lancet, Vol. 384, No. 9943, pp. 626-635, August 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61177-6.