DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Mechanical and microstructural study of rice husk ash geopolymer paste with ultrafine slag

  • Parveen, Parveen (Department of Civil Engineering, DCRUST Murthal) ;
  • Jindal, Bharat Bhushan (School of Civil Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University) ;
  • Junaid, M. Talha (Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, University of Sharjah) ;
  • Saloni, Saloni (Department of Civil Engineering, DCRUST Murthal)
  • Received : 2019.06.15
  • Accepted : 2019.08.28
  • Published : 2019.11.25

Abstract

This paper presents the mechanical and microstructural properties of the geopolymer paste which was developed by utilizing the industrial by-products, rice husk ash (RHA) and ultra-fine slag. Ultra-fine slag particles with average particle size in the range of 4 to 5 microns. RHA is partially replaced with ultra-fine slag at different levels of 0 to 50%. Sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio of 1.0 and alkaline liquid to binder (AL/B) ratio of 0.60 is taken. Setting time, compressive, flexural strengths were studied up to the age of 90 days with different concentrations of NaOH. The microstructure of the hybrid geopolymer paste was studied by performing the SEM, EDS, and XRD on the broken samples. RHA based geopolymer paste blended with ultrafine slag resulted in high compressive and flexural strengths and increased setting times of the paste. Strength increased with the increase in NaOH concentration at all ages. The ultra-small particles of the slag acted as a micro-filler into the paste and enhanced the properties by improving the CASH, NASH, and CSH. The maximum compressive strength of 70MPa was achieved at 30% slag content with 16M NaOH. The results of XRD, SEM, and EDS at 30% replacement of RHA with ultra-fine slag densified the paste microstructure.

Keywords

References

  1. ASTM (2001), C138-01: Standard Test Method for Density (unit weight), Yield, and Air Content (gravimetric) of Concrete International, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  2. ASTM (2002), C3171-99: Standard Test Method for Constituent Content of Composite Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  3. ASTM (2014), C348-14: Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Hydraulic-cement Mortars, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  4. Aziz, I.K.A., Abdullah, M.M.A.B., Yong, H.C. and Ming, L.Y. (2019), "Behaviour changes of ground granulated blast furnace slag geopolymers at high temperature", Adv. Cement Res., 1-28.
  5. Buchwald, A., Dombrowski, K. and Weil, M. (2005), "The influence of calcium content on the performance of geopolymeric binder especially the resistance against acids", Proceedings of the World Geopolymer, 35-39.
  6. Chareerat, T., Lee-anansaksiri, A. and Chindaprasirt, P. (2006), "Synthesis of high calcium fly ash and calcined kaolin geopolymer mortar. International conference on pozzolan", Concrete Geopolym., 24-25.
  7. Chindaprasirt, P., Chareerat, T., Hatanaka, S. and Cao, T. (2010), "High-strength geopolymer using fine high-calcium fly ash", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 23(3), 264-270. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000161
  8. Dombrowski, K., Buchwald, A. and Weil, M. (2007), "The influence of calcium content on the structure and thermal performance of fly ash based geopolymers", J. Mater. Sci., 42, 3033-3043. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0532-7
  9. Givi, A.N., Rashid, S.A., Aziz, F.N.A. and Salleh, M.A.M. (2010), "Assessment of the effects of rice husk ash particle size on strength, water permeability and workability of binary blended concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 24, 2145-2150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.045
  10. Glasser, F.P. and Zhang, L. (2001), "High-performance cement matrices based on calcium sulfoaluminate-belite compositions", Cement Concrete Res., 31, 1881-1886. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00649-4
  11. Green, J. (2015) "Global demand for cement to reach 5.2 billion tonn", Europe and CIS: World Cement,: https://www.worldcement.com/europe-cis/27082015/globaldemand-cement-billion-tons-449/.
  12. Guo, X., Shi, H. and Wei, X. (2017), "Pore properties, inner chemical environment, and microstructure of nano-modified CFA-WBP (class C fly ash-waste brick powder) based geopolymers", Cement Concrete Compos., 79, 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.01.007
  13. He, J., Jie, Y., Zhang, J., Yu, Y. and Zhang, G. (2013), "Synthesis and characterization of red mud and rice husk ash-based geopolymer composites", Cement Concrete Compos., 37, 108-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.11.010
  14. Hoy, M., Rachan, R., Horpibulsuk, S., Arulrajah, A. and Mirzababaei, M. (2017), "Effect of wetting-drying cycles on compressive strength and microstructure of recycled asphalt pavement-Fly ash geopolymer", Constr. Build. Mater., 144, 624-634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.243
  15. Hwang, C.L. and Huynh, T.P. (2015), "Effect of alkali-activator and rice husk ash content on strength development of fly ash and residual rice husk ash-based geopolymers", Constr. Build. Mater., 101, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.025
  16. Ismail, I., Bernal, S.A., Provis, J.L., San Nicolas, R., Hamdan, S. and Van Deventer, J.S. (2014). "Modification of phase evolution in alkali-activated blast furnace slag by the incorporation of fly ash", Cement Concrete Compos., 45, 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.006
  17. Jindal, B.B., Singhal, D., Sharma, S., Yadav, A., Shekhar, S. and Anand, A. (2017a), "Strength and permeation properties of alccofine activated low calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete", Comput. Concrete, 20, 683-688. https://doi.org/10.12989/CAC.2017.20.6.683
  18. Jindal, B.B., Singhal, D. and Sharma, S.K. (2017b), "Suitability of ambient-cured alccofine added low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete", Indian J. Sci. Technol., 10(12), 1-10.
  19. Jindal, B.B., Singhal, D., Sharma, S.K., Ashish, D.K. and Parveen. (2017c), "Improving compressive strength of low calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete with alccofine", Adv. Concrete Constr., 5, 17-29. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2017.5.1.17
  20. Jindal, B.B. (2019), "Investigations on the properties of geopolymer mortar and concrete with mineral admixtures: A review", Constr. Build. Mater., 227, 116644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.08.025
  21. Kartini, K. (2011), "Rice husk ash-pozzolanic material for sustainability", Int. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., 1, 169-178.
  22. Lee, N. and Lee, H.K. (2015), "Reactivity and reaction products of alkali-activated, fly ash/slag paste", Constr. Build. Mater., 81, 303-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.022
  23. Malhotra, V. (1999), "Making concrete greener with fly ash", Concrete Int., 21, 61-66.
  24. Malhotra, V. (2002), "Introduction: sustainable development and concrete technology", Concrete Int., 24(7), 22.
  25. Mehta, A. and Siddique, R. (2017), "Properties of low-calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete incorporating OPC as partial replacement of fly ash", Constr. Build. Mater., 150, 792-807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.067
  26. Mehta, A. and Siddique, R. (2018), "Sustainable geopolymer concrete using ground granulated blast furnace slag and rice husk ash: Strength and permeability properties", J. Clean. Prod., 205, 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.313
  27. Nath, P. and Sarker, P.K. (2015), "Use of OPC to improve setting and early strength properties of low calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete cured at room temperature", Cement Concrete Compos., 55, 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.08.008
  28. Pacheco-Torgal, F. (2015), "Introduction to handbook of alkali-activated cements, mortars and concretes", Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes, Elsevier.
  29. Parveen., Singhal, D. and Jindal, B.B. (2017), "Experimental study on geopolymer concrete prepared using high-silica RHA incorporating alccofine", Adv. Concrete Constr., 5, 345-358. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2017.5.4.345
  30. Parveen., Singhal, D., Junaid, M.T., Jindal, B.B. and Mehta, A. (2018), "Mechanical and microstructural properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete incorporating alccofine at ambient curing", Constr. Build. Mater., 180, 298-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.286
  31. Pawar, M. and Saoji, A. (2013), "Effect of alccofine on self compacting concrete", Int. J. Eng. Sci. (IJES), 2, 5-9.
  32. Phoo-ngernkham, T., Hanjitsuwan, S., Suksiripattanapong, C., Thumrongvut, J., Suebsuk, J. and Sookasem, S. (2016), "Flexural strength of notched concrete beam filled with alkaliactivated binders under different types of alkali solutions", Constr. Build. Mater., 127, 673-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.053
  33. Punurai, W., Kroehong, W., Saptamongkol, A. and Chindaprasirt, P. (2018), "Mechanical properties, microstructure and drying shrinkage of hybrid fly ash-basalt fiber geopolymer paste", Constr. Build. Mater., 186, 62-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.115
  34. Safiuddin, M., West, J. and Soudki, K. (2010), "Hardened properties of self-consolidating high performance concrete including rice husk ash", Cement Concrete Compos., 32, 708-717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.07.006
  35. Saha, S. and Rajasekaran, C. (2017), "Enhancement of the properties of fly ash based geopolymer paste by incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag", Constr. Build. Mater., 146, 615-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.139
  36. Timakul, P., Rattanaprasit, W. and Aungkavattana, P. (2016), "Improving compressive strength of fly ash-based geopolymer composites by basalt fibers addition", Ceram. Int., 42, 6288-6295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.01.014
  37. Washburn, E.W. (1921), "Note on a method of determining the distribution of pore sizes in a porous material", Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 7, 115-116. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.7.4.115
  38. Yang, K.H., Song, J.K., Ashour, A.F. and Lee, E.T. (2008), "Properties of cementless mortars activated by sodium silicate", Constr. Build. Mater., 22, 1981-1989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.003
  39. Ye, G., Lura, P. and Van Breugel, V.K. (2006), "Modelling of water permeability in cementitious materials", Mater. Struct., 39, 877-885. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9138-4
  40. Zareei, S.A., Ameri, F., Dorostkar, F. and Ahmadi, M. (2017), "Rice husk ash as a partial replacement of cement in high strength concrete containing micro silica: Evaluating durability and mechanical properties", Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 7, 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2017.05.001