Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles (한국의류학회지)

The Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles (한국의류학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Celebrities' Social Media Pressure on Internalization and Muscularity Dissatisfaction among Men

이상적인 남성의 신체에 대한 연예인의 소셜 미디어 압박이 내면화와 근육 불만족에 미치는 영향

  • Lee, Minsun (Center for Perception and Behavioral Research, Incheon National University) ;
  • Lee, Hyun-Hwa (Dept. of Fashion Design & Textiles, Inha University)
  • 이민선 (인천대학교 인지행동 연구센터) ;
  • 이현화 (인하대학교 의류디자인학과)
  • Received : 2019.05.31
  • Accepted : 2019.07.03
  • Published : 2019.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of appearance pressure from celebrities' social media upon internalization of mesomorphic ideal and muscularity dissatisfaction and the moderating role of time spent on social media in the relationships among variables in a sample of young Korean men (N=247). Those men who regularly participate in physical activities more than three times a week were included in our sample. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that celebrities' social media pressure directly influenced both internalization and muscularity dissatisfaction, and internalization predicted muscularity dissatisfaction. A significant mediating effect of internalization in the relationships between celebrities' social media pressure and muscularity dissatisfaction was found. However, the moderating effect of time spent on social media was not found. The present results highlight the significant and negative effects of celebrities' social media on male's body image perception. By comparing the results of this study to previous studies, we can anticipate that the effects of social media on users' body image concerns can differ between male and female in the matter of time spent on social media. Implications of the study results and suggestions for future studies are discussed.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Inha University

References

  1. Andreassen, C. S. (2015). Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 175-184. doi:10.1007/s40429-015-0056-9
  2. Anschutz, D. J., van Strien, T., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2008). Exposure to slim images in mass media: Television commercials as reminders of restriction in restrained eaters. Health Psychology, 27(4), 401-408. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.4.401
  3. Blachnio, A., Przepiorka, A., & Pantic, I. (2016). Association between Facebook addiction, self-esteem and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Computers in Human Behavior, 55(Part B), 701-705. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.026
  4. Brichacek, A. L., Neill, J. T., & Murray, K. (2018). The effect of basic psychological needs and exposure to idealised Facebook images on university students' body satisfaction. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 12(3), article 2. doi:10.5817/CP2018-3-2
  5. Brown, Z., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). Attractive celebrity and peer images on Instagram: Effect on women's mood and body image. Body Image, 19, 37-43. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.08.007
  6. Carper, T. L. M., Negy, C., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2010). Relations among media influence, body image, eating concerns, and sexual orientation in men: A preliminary investigation. Body Image, 7(4), 301-309. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.07.002
  7. Choi, K. I. (2013). An effect on body image of time of television watching and internet use for academic high school students. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 15(3), 173-191.
  8. Cohen, R., Newton-John, T., & Slater, A. (2017). The relationship between Facebook and Instagram appearance-focused activities and body image concerns in young women. Body Image, 23, 183-187. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.002
  9. De Jesus, A. Y., Ricciardelli, L. A., Frisen, A., Smolak, L., Yager, Z., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., ... Gattario, K. H. (2015). Media internalization and conformity to traditional masculine norms in relation to body image concerns among men. Eating Behaviors, 18, 137-142. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.04.004
  10. de Vries, D. A., Peter, J., de Graaf, H., & Nikken, P. (2016). Adolescents' social network site use, peer appearance-related feed back, and body dissatisfaction: Testing a mediation model. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(1), 211-224. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0266-4
  11. de Vries, D. A., Peter, J., Nikken, P., & de Graaf, H. (2014). The effect of social network site use on appearance investment and desire for cosmetic surgery among adolescent boys and girls. Sex Roles, 71(9-10), 283-295. doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0412-6
  12. Djafarlova, E., & Rushworth, C. (2017). Exploring the credibility of online celebrities' Instagram profiles in influencing the purchase decisions of young female users. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.009
  13. Eisenberg, M. E., Wall, M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2012). Muscle-enhancing behaviors among adolescent girls and boys. Pediatrics, 130(6), 1019-1026. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0095
  14. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. doi:10.2307/3151512
  15. Franchina, V., & Coco, G. L. (2018). The influence of social media use on body image concerns. International Journal of Psychoanalysis and Education, 10(1), 5-14.
  16. Furnham, A., Badmin, N., & Sneade, I. (2002). Body image dissatisfaction: Gender differences in eating attitudes, self-esteem, and reasons for exercise. The Journal of Psychology: In terdisciplinary and Applied, 136(6), 581-596. doi:10.1080/00223980209604820
  17. Gau, J. M. (2011). The convergent and discriminant validity of procedural justice and police legitimacy: An empirical test of core theoretical propositions. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(6), 489-498. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.09.004
  18. Girard, M., Chabrol, H., & Rodgers, R. F. (2018). Support for a modified tripartite dual pathway model of body image concerns and risky body change behaviors in French young men. Sex Roles, 78(11-12), 799-809. doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0850-z
  19. Haferkamp, N., & Kramer, N. C. (2011). Social comparison 2.0: Examining the effects of online profiles on social-networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(5), 309-314. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0120
  20. Hargreaves, D. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2004). Idealized media images and adolescent body image: "comparing" boys and girls. Body Image, 1(4), 351-361. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.10.002
  21. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  22. Holland, G., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body Image, 17, 100-110. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.008
  23. Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76-99). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  24. Karazsia, B. T., Berlin, K. S., Armstrong, B., Janicke, D. M., & Darling, K. E. (2014). Integrating mediation and moderation to advance theory development and testing. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39(2), 163-173. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst080
  25. Karazsia, B. T., & Crowther, J. H. (2009). Social body comparison and internalization: Mediators of social influences on men's muscularity-oriented body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 6(2), 105-112. doi:/10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.12.003
  26. Kim, M. (2015). The effects of Facebook usage on female college students' body image concerns. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 59(5), 272-297.
  27. Kim, J. W., & Chock, T. M. (2015). Body image 2.0: Associations between social grooming on Facebook and body image concerns. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 331-339. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.009
  28. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  29. Knauss, C., Paxton, S. J., & Alsaker, F. D. (2008). Body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys and girls: Objectified body consciousness, internalization of the media body ideal and perceived pressure from media. Sex Roles, 59(9-10), 633-643. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9474-7
  30. Knauss, C., Paxton, S. J., & Alsaker, F. D. (2009). Validation of the German version of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-G). Body Image, 6(2), 113-120. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.01.002
  31. Leahey, T. M., & Crowther, J. H. (2008). An ecological momentary assessment of comparison target as a moderator of the effects of appearance-focused social comparisons. Body Image, 5(3), 307-311. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.03.002
  32. Lee, C. Y. (2017). A study on body image and body management of Korean men. Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion Design, 17(2), 73-88. doi:10.18652/2017.17.2.5
  33. Lee, M. (2019). The effects of appearance-related photo activity and appearance comparison on body satisfaction-Focusing on the moderating effects of Instagram addiction-. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 43(1), 81-94. doi:10.5850/JKSCT.2019.43.1.81
  34. Lee, M., & Lee, H.-H. (2017). The effects of SNS appearance-related photo activity on women's body image and self-esteem. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 41(5), 858-871. doi:10.5850/JKSCT.2017.41.5.858
  35. Lee, Y.-H., & Kwon, S.-Y. (2010). The effect of TV exposure and sociocultural factors on the process from awareness of bodyimage to behavioral responses. Journal of Communication Science, 10(4), 390-424.
  36. Lwin, M. O., & Malik, S. (2012). The role of media exposure, peers, and family on body dissatisfaction amongst boys and girls in Singapore. Journal of Children and Media, 6(1), 69-82. doi:10.1080/17482798.2011.633406
  37. Mabe, A. G., Forney, K. J., & Keel, P. K. (2014). Do you "like" my photo? Facebook use maintains eating disorder risk. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(5), 516-523. doi:10.1002/eat.22254
  38. Manago, A. M., Ward, L. M., Lemm, K. M., Reed, L., & Seabrook, R. (2015). Facebook investment, objectified body consciousness, body shame, and sexual assertiveness in college women and men. Sex Roles, 72(1-2), 1-14. doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0441-1
  39. Miller, E., & Halberstadt, J. (2005). Media consumption, body image and thin ideals in New Zealand men and women. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 34(3), 189-195.
  40. Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (2001). Mplus: Statistical analysis with latent variables: User's guide (Version 2). Los Angeles, CA: Muthen & Muthen.
  41. Olivardia, R., Pope Jr., H. G., Borowiecki III, J. J., & Cohane, G. H. (2004). Biceps and body image: The relationship between muscularity and self-esteem, depression, and eating disorder symptoms. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5(2), 112-120. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.5.2.112
  42. Rutledge, C. M., Gillmor, K. L., & Gillen, M. M. (2013). Does this profile picture make me look fat? Facebook and body image in college students. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 2(4), 251-258. doi:10.1037/ppm0000011
  43. Schaefer, L. M., Harriger, J. A., Heinberg, L. J., Soderberg, T., & Thompson, J. K. (2017). Development and validation of the sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire-4-revised (SATAQ-4R). International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(2), 104-117. doi:10.1002/eat.22590
  44. Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2014). Media matters for boys too! The role of specific magazine types and television programs in the drive for thinness and muscularity in adolescent boys. Eating Behaviors, 15(4), 679-682. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.10.002
  45. Smith, A. R., Hawkeswood, S. E., Bodell, L. P., & Joiner, T. E. (2011). Muscularity versus leanness: An examination of body ideals and predictors of disordered eating in heterosexual and gay college students. Body Image, 8(3), 232-236. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.03.005
  46. Stice, E., Nemeroff, C., & Shaw, H. E. (1996). Test of the dual pathway model of bulimia nervosa: Evidence for dietary restraint and affect regulation mechanisms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15(3), 340-363. doi:10.1521/jscp.1996.15.3.340
  47. Stronge, S., Greaves, L. M., Milojev, P., West-Newman, T., Barlow, E. K., & Sibley, C. G. (2015). Facebook is linked to body dissatisfaction: Comparing users and non-users. Sex Roles, 73(5-6), 200-213. doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0517-6
  48. Strother, E., Lemberg, R., Stanford, S. C., & Turberville, D. (2012). Eating disorders in men: Underdiagnosed, undertreated, and misunderstood. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 20(5), 346-355. doi:10.1080/10640266.2012.715512
  49. Thompson, S. H., & Lougheed, E. (2012). Frazzled by Facebook? An exploratory study of gender differences in social network communication among undergraduate men and women. College Student Journal, 46(1), 88-98.
  50. Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2013). NetGirls: The Internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46(6), 630-633. doi:10.1002/eat.22141
  51. Tylka, T. L. (2011). Refinement of the tripartite influence model for men: Dual body image pathways to body change behaviors. Body Image, 8(3), 199-207. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.008
  52. Tylka, T. L., & Andorka, M. J. (2012). Support for an expanded tripartite influence model with gay men. Body Image, 9(1), 57-67. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.09.006
  53. Tylka, T. L., Bergeron, D., & Schwartz, J. P. (2005). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Male Body Attitudes Scale (MBAS). Body Image, 2(2), 161-175. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.03.001
  54. Vartanian, L. R. (2009). When the body defines the self: Self-concept clarity, internalization, and body image. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(1), 94-126. doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.1.94
  55. Xiaojing, A. (2017). Social networking site uses, internalization, body surveillance, social comparison and body dissatisfaction of males and females in mainland China. Asian Journal of Communication, 27(6), 616-630. doi:10.1080/01292986.2017.1365914
  56. 남성분들도 이제는 외모가 경쟁력인 시대 [Appearance can be a competitive advantage for men]. (2018, September 11). The DigitalTimes. Retrieved from http://www.dt.co.kr/contents.html?article_no=2018091102109923813021&ref=naver