Membrane and Water Treatment

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Evaluation of long-term water quality management policy effect using nonparametric statistical methods

  • Jung, Kang Young (National Institute of Environmental Research Yeongsan River Environment Research Center) ;
  • Ahn, Jung Min (National Institute of Environmental Research Water Quality Assessment Research Division) ;
  • Cho, Sohyun (National Institute of Environmental Research Yeongsan River Environment Research Center) ;
  • Lee, Yeong Jae (National Institute of Environmental Research Yeongsan River Environment Research Center) ;
  • Han, Kun Yeun (Department of Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Shin, Dongseok (National Institute of Environmental Research Watershed Pollution Load Management Research Division) ;
  • Kim, Kyunghyun (National Institute of Environmental Research Yeongsan River Environment Research Center)
  • Received : 2018.05.16
  • Accepted : 2019.05.01
  • Published : 2019.09.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Long term water quality change was analyzed to evaluate the effect of the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) policy. A trend analysis was performed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations data monitored at the outlets of the total 41 TMDL unit watersheds of the Nakdong River in the Republic of Korea. Because water quality data do not usually follow a normal distribution, a nonparametric statistical trend analysis method was used. The monthly mean values of BOD and TP for the period between 2004 and 2015 were analyzed by the seasonal Mann-Kendall test and the locally weighted scatterplot smoother (LOWESS). The TMDL policy effect on the water quality change of each unit watershed was analyzed together with the results of the trend analysis. From the seasonal Mann-Kendall test results, it was found that for BOD, 7.8 % of the 41 points showed downward trends, 26.8 % and the rest 65.9% showed upward and no trends. For TP, 51.2% showed no trends and the rest 48.8% showed downward trends. From the LOWESS analysis results, TP began to decrease in most of the unit watersheds from mid-2010s when intensive chemical treatment processes were introduced to existing wastewater treatment plants. Overall, for BOD, relatively more points were improved in the main stream compared to the points of the tributaries although overall trends were mostly no trend or upward. For TP, about half of the points were improved and the rest showed no trends.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : National Institute of Environment Research (NIER)

References

  1. Bekele, A. and McFarland, A. (2004), "Regression-based flow adjustment procedures for trend analysis of water quality data", Transactions of the ASAE, 47(4), 1093-1104. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.16582.
  2. Cleveland, W.S. and Devlin, S.J. (1988), "Locally weighted regression: An approach to regression analysis by local fitting", J. American Statistician Assoc., 83, 596-610. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478639
  3. Clow, D.W. and Mast, M.A. (1999), "Long-term trends in stream water precipitation chemistry at five headwater basins in the northeastern Unites States", Water Resources Res., 35(2), 541-554. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900050.
  4. Hirsch, R.M., Slack, J.R. and Smith, R.A. (1982), "Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water quality data", Water Resource Res., 18(1), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i001p00107.
  5. Hirsch, R.M. and Slack, J.R. (1984), "A nonparametric trend test for seasonal data with serial dependence", Water Resource Res., 20(6), 727-732. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i006p00727.
  6. Helsel, D.R. and Hirsch, R.M. (2002), "Statistical methods in water resources techniques of water-resources investigations Book 4, Chapter A3", U.S. Geological Survey, 226-230, 329-335.
  7. Hwang, H.S., Park, B.K., Kim, Y.S., Park, K.J., Cheon, S.U and Lee, S.J.(2011), "Research on the applicability of the load duration curve to evaluate the achievement of target water quality in the unit watershed for a TMDL", J. Korean Soc. Water Quality, 27(6), 885-895.
  8. Salim, I., Paule-Mercado, M.C., Sajjad, R.U., Memon, S.A., Lee, B.Y., Sukhbaatar, C. and Lee, C.H. (2019), "Trend analysis of rainfall characteristics and its impact on stormwater runoff quality from urban and agricultural catchment", Membr. Water Treat., 10(1), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2019.10.1.045.
  9. Lu, H., Bryant, R.B., Buda, A.R., Collick, A.S., Folmar, G.J. and Kleinman, P.J. (2015), "Long-term trends in climate and hydrology in an agricultural, headwater watershed of central Pennsylvania", J. Hydrology Regional Studies, 4, 713-731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.10.004.
  10. Jung, K.Y. (2009), "Advanced control strategies on water quality management in Nakdong river", M.Sc. Dissertation; Kyungpook National University, Dae-gu, Republic of Korea.
  11. Jung, S.J., Kim, K.S., Seo, D.J., Kim, J.H. and Lim, B.J. (2013), "Evaluation of water quality characteristics and grade classification of Yeongsan river tributaries", J. Korean Soc. Water Environ., 29(4), 504-513.
  12. Kim, J.H. (2001), "Non-parametric trend analysis of stream quality in Nakdong river", M.Sc. Dissertation; Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
  13. Kim, J.H. and Park, S.S. (2004), "Long-Term trend analyses of water qualities in Nakdong river based on non-parametric statistical methods", J. Korean Soc. Water Quality, 20(1), 63-71.
  14. Kim, S. Y. (2008), "Application of Mann-Kendall methods for the performance assessment of the total pollution load management of Geum river", M.Sc. Dissertation; Hanbat National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
  15. Kim, J.T. (2014), "Lowess and outlier analysis of bio;ogical oxygen demand on Nakdong main stream river", J. Korean Data Information Sci. Soc., 25(1), 119-130. https://doi.org/10.7465/jkdi.2014.25.1.119
  16. Lettenmaier, D.P. (1988), "Multivariate nonparametric tests for trend in water quality", Water Resources Bulletin, 24(3), 505-512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00900.x.
  17. Mann, H.B. (1945), "Nonparametric tests against trend", Econometrica, 13, 245-249. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907187
  18. Montomery, R.H. and Reckhow, K.H. (1984), "Techniques for detecting trends in lake water quality", Water Resources Bulletin, 20(1), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1984.tb04640.x.
  19. Ministry of Environment (MOE) (2008), "Official test methods of water quality", Notification No. 2008-99; Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea.
  20. Ministry of Environment (MOE) (2013), "Standard policy of TMDLs", Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea.
  21. NRERC (2009), "08 Management report of target water quality monitoring system in Nakdong river basin", Nakdong River Environment Research Center, Republic of Korea.
  22. Nakdong River Basin Environmental Office (NDG) (2012), "Technical support casebook of total phosphorus treatment plant", 11-1480354-000058-01; Nakdong River Basin Environmental Office, Republic of Korea.
  23. Nakdong River Environment Research Center (NIER) (2013), "Changes of water environment and phytoplankton community structures in the Nakdong river", 11-1480523-001712-01; National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea.
  24. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) (2014), "Report of the national pollution source survey, based on the 2012", 11-1480523-000429-10; National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea.
  25. Paul, M.B. and Linfield, C.B. (1997), Statistics for Environmental Engineers, CRC Press, Florida, USA.
  26. Park, J.H., Moon, M.J. and Kim, K.S. (2014), "Analysis of relationship between water quality parameters with land use in Yeongsan river basin", J. Environ. Impact Assessment, 23(1), 19-27. https://doi.org/10.14249/eia.2014.23.1.19
  27. Rodriguez-Murillo, J.C. and Filella, M. (2015), "Temporal evolution of organic carbon concentrations in Swiss lakes: Trends of allochthonous and autochthonous organic carbon", Sci. Total Environ., 520, 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.085.
  28. Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F. J. (1995), Biometry: The Principles and Practice of statistics in Biological Research, W.H., Freeman and Co., New York, USA.
  29. U.S. EPA, Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds (2007), An Approach for Using Load Duration Curves in the Development of TMDLs, EPA, USA.

Cited by

  1. Importance of Ssurface water background values for objectively assessing water quality in a unique basin vol.722, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137922
  2. Comparison of pollutants in stormwater runoff from asphalt and concrete roads vol.12, pp.5, 2019, https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2021.12.5.253