Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship (벤처창업연구)

The Korean Society of Business Venturing (한국벤처창업학회)
권호 표지

A Study on the Effects of Career Interrupted Women' Personal Attitude and Subjective Norm on Entrepreneurial Intention: Focusing on Moderating Effects on the Entrepreneurial Supporting Policy

경력단절여성의 창업행위에 대한 태도와 주관적 규범이 창업의도에 미치는 영향

  • Choi, Jinsook (Chung-Ang University Graduate School of Industrial and Entrepreneurial Management) ;
  • Lee, Namhee (Smart ICT Convergence Center) ;
  • Hwang, Kumju (Chung-Ang University)
  • 최진숙 (중앙대학교 산업.창업경영대학원) ;
  • 이남희 (스마트 ICT융합센터) ;
  • 황금주 (중앙대학교 경영학부)
  • Received : 2019.04.30
  • Accepted : 2019.08.26
  • Published : 2019.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The degree of females' participation in corporate activity has been recently increased over the world and females' participation in economic activity may be new dynamic fuel for the Korean economy that falls into the vicious cycle of low growth. Start-up, therefore, has increasingly taken attention as an opportunity for females whose careers were interrupted to re-enter the labor market. The need for studies that examine factors influencing the decision of start-up is also increased along with the increase of the ratio of females' start-up. This study aims to verify effects of the women's characteristics(women discrimination, women's role conflict) and the human networks of females whose careers were interrupted, with the intention for entrepreneurial intention, which are mediated by personal attitudes and subjective norm suggested by Ajzen's Theory of Reasoned Action, based on an empirical research. The findings show that the human networks of females have an effect on attitudes toward start-up activity and subjective norm and the woman discrimination influence the personal attitudes. In contrast, the women's role conflict have no effect on both personal attitude toward start-up activity and subjective norm. This can be supposed as an outcome resulted from the subjects' low level of conflict caused by their sex roles, on their age distribution. The relation between subjective norm and entrepreneurial Intention seemed to be moderated by their perceived strong entrepreneurial supporting policy. Their attitudes toward start-up activity were found to have a mediating effect on the relation between the women discrimination, human networks and entrepreneurial Intention, while the subjective norm only mediated the relation between human networks and entrepreneurial Intention. Based on such results, this study attempts to suggest theoretical suggestions and the direction of various entrepreneurial supporting policy for the increase and the growth of start-up of females whose careers were interrupted, in Korea.

최근 세계적으로 기업 활동에 여성이 참여하는 수준은 전 세계적으로 상승하고 있으며, 여성의 경제 활동 참여는 저성장에 빠진 한국 경제의 새로운 역동적 인 힘이 될 수 있다. 이에 경력단절 여성의 노동시장 재진입의 한 방법으로 창업에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 여성 창업률의 증가로 인해 창업결정에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 규명하는 연구의 필요성도 높아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 창업의도를 가진 경력 단절 여성의 대상으로 여성의 특성(여성차별, 역할갈등)과 여성 인적 네트워크를 Ajzen의 합리적 행동이론의 태도와 주관적 규범에 매개로 하여, 창업의도에 미치는 영향을 실증연구를 통해 검증하고자 한다. 분석 결과 여성 인적 네트워크는 창업행위에 대한 태도와 주관적 규범에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 여성차별은 창업행위에 대한 태도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 역할 갈등은 창업행위에 대한 태도와 주관적 규범 모두에 기각 되었다. 이는 조사대상의 연령분포 상 역할에 따른 갈등의 심화정도가 낮은데서 오는 결과로 추측해 볼 수 있다. 조절효과 결과는 창업지원 정책이 높다고 인식하는 경우는 주관적 규범과 창업의도의 관계를 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 매개효과 검증결과는 창업행위에 대한 태도는 여성 차별 및 인적네트워크와 창업의도 관계에서 매개효과를 나타냈으며, 주관적 규범은 인적 네트워크와 창업의도 관계에서만 매개역할을 하는 것으로 조사되었다. 이러한 연구의 결과를 토대로 우리나라의 경력단절 여성의 창업 증가와 와 성장을 위해서 이론적 시사점 및, 다양한 창업 정책지원 방향을 제시하고자 한다.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahl, H. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30, 595-622. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00138.x
  2. Ahmed, I., Nawaz, M. M., Ahmad, Z., Shaukat, M. Z., Usman, A., Rehman, W. U., & Ahmed, N. (2010). Determinants of students’ entrepreneurial career intentions: Evidence from business graduates. European Journal of Social Sciences, 15(2), 14-22.
  3. An, S. K. (2016). Effects of entrepreneurship education and institutional support on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. Doctoral Dissertation, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University.
  4. Agarwal, S., & Lenka, U. (2015). Study on work-life balance of women entrepreneurs-review and research agenda. Industrial and Commercial Training, 47(7), 356-362. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-01-2015-0006
  5. Ajzen, I. (1982). On behaving in accordance with one's attitudes. In Consistency in social behavior: The Ontario symposium, (2), 3-15. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  6. Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, Personality, and Behavior. Dorsey Press, Chicago, IL.
  7. Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  8. Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and Operation of Attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 27-58. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.27
  9. Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived Behavioural Control, Self-efficacy, Locus-of-control and Theory of Planned Behaviour. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665-683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x
  10. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour.
  11. Autio, E., H. Keeley, R., Klofsten, M., GC Parker, G., & Hay, M. (2001). Entrepreneurial intent among students in Scandinavia and in the USA. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2(2), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/14632440110094632
  12. Bae, B. R. (1994). A Review of Behavioral Intention Models: Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior. Research Institute of Industry and Economy, Chonbuk National University, 24(25), 419-437.
  13. Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L. W. (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative science quarterly, 421-458.
  14. Baik, H. J. (2011). A study on the effects of women entrepeneurs support systems and work-family balance policies on entrepreneurial intention and motive, Master's Thesis, The Gaduate School of Industrial & Entrepreneurial Management Chung-Ang University.
  15. Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review, (J:3), 442-453.
  16. Chen, S. C., Hsiao, H.C., Chang, J. C., Chou, C.M., Chen, C. P., & Shen, C. H. (2015). Can the entrepreneurship course improve the entrepreneurial intentions of students?. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(3), 557-569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-013-0293-0
  17. Cho, Y. J. (2012). Analysis on Influential Factors and Learning Outcomes of Trainee Participated in Women's Center. Doctoral Dissertation, Graduate School of Dankook University
  18. Choi, J. S., & Hwang, K. J. (2018). Study on the Effects of Prep-Entrepreneurs' Positive psychological capital and Career ambition on Entrepreneurial Intentions. Knowledge Management Research, 19(3), 135-171. https://doi.org/10.15813/kmr.2018.19.3.007
  19. Choi, J. H. (2012). The Influence of Quality Education in Entrepreneurship on the Would-be Entrepreneurs. Master's Thesis, The Graduate School of Industrial & Entrepreneurial Management Chung-Ang University.
  20. Choi, Y. J., & Kim, K. H. (2010). The Relationship of Personal variables, Environmental Supports, and Buffering of the Work-Family Multiple-Role Conflict among Korean Employed Mothers. Korean Journal Of Counseling And Psychotherapy, 22(4), 1049-1073.
  21. Chung, D. Y., & Park, K. I. (2010). The Effects of Social Network on Entrepreneurial Activities Which are mediated by Entrepreneurship. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 11(12), 4780-4786. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2010.11.12.4780
  22. Cox, T. (1994). Cultural diversity in organizations: Theory, research and practice. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
  23. Crant, J. M. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of enrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(3),42-49.
  24. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology, MIS quarterly, 13(3), 319-340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
  25. Davis, P. J. (2012). The global training deficit: the scarcity of formal and informal professional development opportunities for women entrepreneurs. Industrial and Commercial Training, 44(1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197851211193381
  26. Douglas, E. J., & Shepherd, D. A. (2002). Self-employment as a career choice: Attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions and utility maximization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225870202600305
  27. Dutta, K., & Singh, S. (2014). Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand Indian Housewives' Purchase Behavior Towards Healthy Food Brands. IUP Journal of Brand Management, 11(4). 7-28.
  28. Farooq, M. S., Salam, M., Rehman, S., Fayolle, A., Jaafar, N., & Ayupp, K. (2018). Impact of support from social network on entrepreneurial intention of fresh business graduates: A structural equation modelling approach. Education & Training, 60(4), 335-353. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2017-0092
  29. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wessley.
  30. Goffee, R., & Scase, R. (1992). Organizational change and the corporate career: The restructuring of managers' job aspirations. Human Relations, 45(4), 363-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679204500404
  31. Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of management review, 31(1), 72-92. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.19379625
  32. Hahn, D. W., & Rhee, M. K. (2001). Explaining Drinking and Driving: An Application of Theory of Planned Behavior. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 15(2), 141-158.
  33. Hahn, S. J. (2015). A Study on Effect of University Students' Individual Characteristics and Subjective Norm on Entrepreneurial Intention. Master's Thesis, The graduate school of industrial & entrepreneurial management Chung-Ang University.
  34. Han, J. H., & Baeg, Y. J. (2003). An Exploratory Study of Business Start-up Reasons of Women Entrepreneurs and Management Characteristics. Asia Pacific Journal of Small Business Review, 25(3), 329-355.
  35. Haynes, G., & Haynes, D. (1999). The debt structure of small businesses owned by women in 1987 and 1993. Journal of Small Business Management. 44,36-41.
  36. Heilman, M. E., & Chen, J. J. (2003). Entrepreneurship as a solution: The allure of self-employment for women and minorities. Human Resource Management Review, 13, 347-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(03)00021-4
  37. Hisrich, R., & Brush, C. (1984). The woman entrepreneur: Management skills and business problems. Journal of small Business Management, 22(1), 30-37.
  38. Hsu, D. K., Wiklund, J., Anderson, S. E., & Coffey, B. S. (2016). Entrepreneurial exit intentions and the business-family interface. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(6), 613-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.08.001
  39. Hwang, S. J. (2017). The Effect of Individual Characteristics and Creativity of Career Interrupted Women on Entrepreneurial Intention. Master's Thesis, Graduate School of Entrepreneurial Management Hanbat National University.
  40. Hwang, S. G. (2016). A Study on the Factors that Have Effects on Middle-Aged Employee's Intention of Business Start-up. Master's Thesis, The Graduate School of Industrial & Entrepreneurial Management Chung-Ang University.
  41. Jeon, B. J. (2012). Analysis on effect & influence of SBC's business startup funding program. Master's Thesis, Graduate School of Public Administration Seoul National University.
  42. Jeon, H. J. (2014). A study of the effects of psychological traits and entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions of the career interrupted women: focusing on moderating effects on the entrepreneurial environment. Master's Thesis, The Graduate School of Industrial & Entrepreneurial Management Chung-Ang University.
  43. Jeon, H. O. (2011). Relationship of Job-stress, Work-family Conflict, and Mental Health according to Life-style of Married Office Worker. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 11(12), 378-385. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2011.11.12.378
  44. Jin, J. H., & Park, B. J. (2014). The Impact of Role Model Exposure on Entrepreneurial Intention: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Entrepreneurial Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Self-efficacy. Asia Pacific Journal of Small Business Review, 36(4), 101-123.
  45. Ji, S. C. (2018). A Study on the impact factors on Performance of Female Entrepreneur : Focusing on Moderating Effect of Government Startup Assistance Policies. Master's Thesis, Graduate School of Global Entrepreneurship, Kookmin University.
  46. Jo, S. I. (2009). Research on reentry of women with interrupted work career to labor market : focused on highly educated women. Master's Thesis, Yonsei Graduate School of Public Administration.
  47. Jung. B. M. (2017). The preference of business incubator support service according to characteristics of female entrepreneurs. Master's Thesis, Graduate School of Information Technology and Intellectual Property Dankook University
  48. Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., & Snoek, J. D. (81). Rosenthal. R.A. (1964). Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity.
  49. Kim, E. K. (2001). The Effects of Social Support on Role Conflicts and Marital Satisfaction of Dual-Career Commuting Couples. Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 19(3), 1-15.
  50. Kim, H. R. (2015). The Effects of Work-Family Conflict, Perceived Glass Ceiling and Organizational Career Management Support on Subjective Career Success of Married Women Workers in Large Corporations. Master's Thesis, Seoul National University.
  51. Kim, J. H., & Byun, S. H(2016). The Relationship of Among of Vocational Education, Entrepreneurial Intention, Re-employmment Need of Career Interrupted Woman. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 11(4), 237-245. https://doi.org/10.16972/apjbve.11.4.201608.237
  52. Kim, K. H. (2018). The Effects of Career Interrupted Women's Planned Happenstance and Social Support on Career Preparation Behavior. Master's Thesis, Graduate School of Education Soongsil University.
  53. Kim, S. S. (2010). A Comparative Study of the Entrepreneurial Intention between Korea and China. Doctoral Dissertation, The Graduate School of Venture, Hoseo University.
  54. Kim, S. T., & Kim, M. H. (2014). The Effects of Government Policy and Characteristics of Micro-enterprise on Business Strategy and Performance. Korea Distribution Association Conference Presentation paper, 2014(10), 190-209.
  55. Kim. T. H., Yoo, H. J., Kang, M. J. & Jeon, Y. I(2009). The Effect of Socioeconomic Policies on Female Employment and Policy Tasks. Korean Women's Development Institute, 16, 1-334.
  56. Kim, Y. G., & Lim, H. J. (2006). An Exploratory Study on Obstacles of Korean Women Entrepreneurs. The Women's Sthudies, 71(2), 107-140.
  57. Kim, Y. H., & Lee, K. M. (2011). The Influential Factors of Work-Family Conflict and Life Satisfaction. Korean Corporation Management Review, 39(0), 101-117.
  58. Kline, R. B. (2011), Principles and practice of structural equation modeling 3 rd ed.
  59. Korean Women Entrepreneurs Association(2018). 2017 Survey on the status of female companies. Ministry of SMEs and Startups.
  60. Krueger Jr, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
  61. Langowitz, N. & Minniti, M. (2007). The entrepreneurial propensity of women. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 341-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00177.x
  62. Lee, B. G. (2015). The effect of entrepreneurial motivation on the entrepreneurial performance: Focusing on mediating role of entrepreneurship. Doctoral Dissertation, The Graduate School of Venture, Hoseo University.
  63. Lee, E. K(2014). The Effects of Entrepreneurship Education on Career Interrupted Women's Entrepreneurial Intention for Social Enterprises. Master's Thesis, Graduate School of Entrepreneurial Management Hanbat National University.
  64. Lee, H. S. (2008). The Relation of Knowledge Sharing to Human Networks in Public Organizations. Korean Association For Policy Sciences, 12(2), 75-96.
  65. Lee, H. S., & Baek, M. J. (2012). Individual Characteristics on Entrepreneurial Intention: Examining the Moderating Role of Subjective Norm. Advancing Small Enterprise Innovation Research, 15(2), 65-84.
  66. Lee, K. H., Kang, C., Kim, K. S., Cho, S. C., & Kang, H,S. (2000). The Impact of Venture Capital Assistance on the Performance of Software Venture Businesses. Asia Pacific Journal of Small Business Review, 22(1), 29-61.
  67. Lee, S. B., & Yoo, W. J. (2013). A Study on the Effect of Entrepreneur's Social Capital on Entrepreneurial Intention and Opportunity Recognition. Journal of the Korean Entrepreneurship Socieity, 8(1), 33-56. https://doi.org/10.24878/TKES.2013.8.1.33
  68. Lee, S. N. (2014). The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Accounting Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions, Korean Journal of Accounting Research, 19(3), 171-190.
  69. Lee, S. S. (2006). A Study on the Relationship of the Motivation, Critical Success Factors and Performance in Women Owned Business. Asia Pacific Journal of Small Business Review, 28(4), 45-64.
  70. Lee, Y. H., & Song, E. G. (2019). The Effects of the Government Funding on Venture Firms' Management Performance: Focusing on the Mediation Effect of Firms' Internal Competencies and the Moderation Effect of Firm's Growth Stage, Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.16972/apjbve.14.2.201904.31
  71. Lim, G. H. (2009). The Study on the Crucial Factor Influencing the Entrepreneurial Intentions. Master's Thesis, Graduate School of Venture Management Jinju National University.
  72. Lim, H. J. (2000). A study on the relationship with work-family conflict and career commitment of married working wome. Master's Thesis, Graduate School of Ewha Womans University.
  73. Lim, E. J., & Oh, S. D. (2018). The Effect of Personal Characteristics and Self-esteem on Career Intention Family Support Moderation Effect. The Korea Enterpreneurship Society Conferences, 97-107.
  74. Linan, F. (2004). Intention-based models of entrepreneurship education, Piccolla Impresa/Small Business, 3(1), 11-35.
  75. Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural equation modeling, 9(2), 151-173. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1
  76. Manning, K., Birley, S., & Norburn, D. (1989). Developing a new ventures strategy. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(1), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225878901400106
  77. Marlow, S. (2002). Women and self-employment: A part of or apart from theoretical construct?. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 3(2), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000002101299088
  78. Minsitry of SMEs and Startups(2019). Government announcement of integrated business support project in 2019, Retrieved April 27, 2019 from https://www.mss.go.kr/site/smba/ex/bbs/View.do?cbIdx=86&bcIdx=1009626
  79. Ministry of SMEs and Startups, Women Enterprise Supporting Center(2018). 2015 Women Enterprise a white book.
  80. Moore, G. C., & Benbasat, I. (1991). Development of an instrument to measure the perceptions of adopting an information technology innovation. Information systems research, 2(3), 192-222. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2.3.192
  81. Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U., & Zarafshani, K. (2012). A cross-cultural approach to understanding entrepreneurial intention. Journal of career development, 39(2), 162-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845310384481
  82. Morrison, A. M., White, R. P., & Van Velsor, E. (1992). Breaking the glass ceiling: Can women reach the top of America's largest corporations?. Basic Books.
  83. Muller, S. (2008). Increasing entrepreneurial intention: Effective entrepreneurship course characteristics. Paper presented at the Internationalizing Entrepreneurship Education and Training (IntEnt 2008) Conference. Oxford, Ohio, USA, 17-0 July 2008.
  84. Nam, C. A., Ko, I. S., & Jang, H. Y. (2012). A Study of the Effects of the Characteristics of Bizcool Education, Social Support and Characteristics of Educational Environment on the Learning Outcome and the Entrepreneurial Intention. The Journal of Business Education, 27(21),1-26.
  85. No, H. C. & Hyun, B. H. (2017). The effects of potential entrepreneur's characteristics and governmental entrepreneurship support system on the entrepreneurial intention: Focusing on mediating Effect of governmental entrepreneurship support system. Productivity Review, 31(3), 35-66.
  86. Oh, E. J., Kim, J. S., Kim, N. J., Lee, S. D., & Kim, G. H. (2008). Policy Tasks for Creating Jobs for career Interrupted Women with High Education. Korean Women's Development Institute.
  87. Park, C. Y., Yoo, S. J., Lee, M. H., Park, Y. B., Choi, Y. R., Jung, S. W., Choi, S., Jeon, C., & Lee, S. Y. (2001). A Survey of Satisfaction for the Microloan System in Korea. Asia Pacific Journal of Small Business Review, 23(2), 211-235.
  88. Park, K. A. (2014). A Study on Learning Experience of Re-employment and Start-up of Highly Educated Women. Master's Thesis, Graduate School of Education Ajou University.
  89. Park, S. M., & Bae, Z. T. (1998). Entrepreneurial Networking of High-tech Ventures in Korea: Relationships with Influencing Factors and Performance. Journal of Technology Innovation, 6(2), 101-121.
  90. Park, S. S., & Kang, S. I. (2007). Entrepreneurial Intentions and Personal Characteristics of Travel Agency Employees. Journal of Tourism Sciences, 31(2), 187-204.
  91. Park, T. Y. (2017). Discourse Analysis of Female Entrepreneurship in Korean Newspapers: Using NVivo. Journal of Creativity and Innovation, 10(1), 127-167.
  92. Peterman, N. E., & Kennedy, J. (2003). Enterprise education: Influencing students’ perceptions of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(2), 129-144. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-6520.2003.00035.x
  93. Quan, X. (2012). Prior experience, social network, and levels of entrepreneurial intentions. Management Research Review, 35(10), 945-957. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211272679
  94. Reevy, G. M., & Maslach, C. (2001). Use of social support: Gender and personality differences. Sex roles, 44(7-8), 437-459. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011930128829
  95. Rockart, T. F., & Short, J. E. (1991). The Corporation of the 1990s: Information Technology and Orga-nizational Transformation. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 189-219.
  96. Scherer, R. F., Adams, J. S., Carley, S. S., & Wiebe, F. A. (1989). Role model performance effects on development of entrepreneurial career preference. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(3), 53-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225878901300306
  97. Schifter, D. E., & Ajzen, I. (1985). Intention, perceived control, and weight loss: an application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 843. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.843
  98. Shapero, A., & L. Sokol. (1982). Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. The Encylopedia of Entrepreneurship. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall, 72-90.
  99. Shinnar, R. S., Giacomin, O., & Janssen, F. (2012). Entrepreneurial perceptions and intentions: The role of gender and culture. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(3), 465-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00509.x
  100. Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychological methods, 7(4), 422. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
  101. Sung, C. S., & Kim, J. S. (2011). Regular Papers: A Study on the Factors Influencing Senior Entrepreneurship. Asia Pacific Journal of Small Business Review, 33(3), 109-133.
  102. Timmons, J. A. (1994). New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century, Irwin McGraw Hill, Illinois. Fourth Edition.
  103. Thompson, E. R. (2009). Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, (33:3), 669-694. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00321.x
  104. Thebaud, S. (2010). Institutional, cultural beliefs and the maintenance of gender inequality in entrepreneurship across industrialized nations, Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1664554, accessed 9 October 2010.
  105. Veciana, J. M., Aponte, M., & Urbano, D. (2005). University students' attitudes towards entrepreneurship: A two countries comparison, The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(2), 165-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-005-1127-5
  106. Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00179.x
  107. Woo, J. P. (2015). The Item Parceling Bias of Multi-Dimensionality in the Structural Equation Modeling. Korean Management Review, 44(4), 1131-1147. https://doi.org/10.17287/kmr.2015.44.4.1131
  108. Yoon, B. S. (2004). Individual Characteristics and Environmental Factors Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Korean Business Review, 17(2), 89-110.
  109. Yu, Y. H., & Yang, D. W. (2008). An Empirical Study of Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intention : Focused on Career Orientation, Social & Cultural Perception, and Entrepreneurial Support Programs. Korea Journal of Business Administration, 21(5), 2347-2368.