Fig. 1. Changes in livability scores from 2007 to 2017
Fig. 2. The transition of energy consumption and real GDP in Japan
Fig. 3. The history of energy in Japan: changes in the structure of energy demand and supply
Fig. 4. Energy balance fow in Japan (FY 2015)
Fig. 5. The structure of the national grid and oligopolistic electricity market in Japan
Fig. 6. Conceptual differences between two energy paths: hard and soft
Fig. 7. Conceptual features of a holonic path
Fig. 8. Minimum cost scheme
Fig. 9. A conceptual sketch of a local power-saving plant in Kitakyushu
Fig. 10. The Japanese version of a smart grid
Table 1. Categories and indices of three major livability indexes
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