DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Comparison of structural foam sheathing and oriented strand board panels of shear walls under lateral load

  • Shadravan, Shideh (Department of Architecture, University of Oklahoma) ;
  • Ramseyer, Chris C. (Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma) ;
  • Floyd, Royce W. (Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma)
  • Received : 2019.03.04
  • Accepted : 2019.03.29
  • Published : 2019.07.25

Abstract

This study performed lateral load testing on seventeen wood wall frames in two sections. Section one included eight tests studying structural foam sheathing of shear walls subjected to monotonic loads following the ASTM E564 test method. In this section, the wood frame was sheathed with four different types of structural foam sheathing on one side and gypsum wallboard (GWB) on the opposite side of the wall frame, with Simpson HDQ8 hold down anchors at the terminal studs. Section two included nine tests studying wall constructed with oriented strand board (OSB) only on one side of the wall frame subjected to gradually applied monotonic loads. Three of the OSB walls were tied to the baseplate with Simpson LSTA 9 tie on each stud. From the test results for Section one; the monotonic tests showed an 11 to 27 percent reduction in capacity from the published design values and for Section two; doubling baseplates, reducing anchor bolt spacing, using bearing plate washers and LSTA 9 ties effectively improved the OSB wall capacity. In comparison of sections one and two, it is expected the walls with structural foam sheathing without hold downs and GWB have a lower wall capacity as hold down and GWB improved the capacity.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS), APA-The Engineered Wood Association

References

  1. Adams, N.R. (1987), "Plywood shear walls", Research Report 105; APA, WA, USA.
  2. Ala-Risku, T. and Karkkainen, M. (2006), "Material delivery problems in construction projects: A possible solution", J. Product. Economics, 104(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2004.12.027.
  3. American Wood Council (2015), Wood Frame Construction Manual (WFCM), American Wood Council, Washington, DC, USA.
  4. APA Engineered Wood (2018), Oriented Strand Board; APA Engineered Wood, WA, USA. https://www.apawood.org/osb
  5. APA OSB Product Report, "OSB Product Report", APA PR-N610; Engineered Wood Association, WA, USA.
  6. ASCE 7 (2010), ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers, Virginia, USA.
  7. Atherton, G.H. (1983), "Ultimate strength of particleboard diaphragms", Forest Products J., 33(5), 22-26.
  8. Breyer, D., Cobeen, K., Fridley, K. and Pollock, D. (2014), Design of Wood Structures ASD/LRFD 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill Education, New York, USA.
  9. Canfield, L.R., Niu, S. and Liu, H. (1991), "Uplift resistance of various rafter-wall connections", Forest Prod. J., 41, 27-34.
  10. Caprolu, G., Ulf, G., and Bo, K. (2015), "Comparison of models and tests on bottom rails in timber frame shear walls experiencing uplift", Construct. Build. Mater., 94, 148-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.125.
  11. Casagrande, D., Rossi, S., Sartori, T. and Tomasi, R. (2016), "Proposal of an analytical procedure and a simplified numerical model for elastic response of single-storey timber shear-walls", Construct. Build. Mater., 102(2), 1101-1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.114.
  12. Chen, Z., Chui, Y.H, Doudak, G. and Nott, A. (2016), "Contribution of type-X gypsum wall board to the racking performance of light-fram wood shear walls", J. Struct. Eng., 142(5), https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001468.
  13. Cheung, C.K., Itani, R.Y. and Polensek, A. (1988), "Characteristics of wood diaphragms: experimental and parametric studies", Wood Fiber Sci., 20(4), 438-456.
  14. Christovasilis, I.P., Filiatrault, A. and Wanitkorkul, A. (2008), "Seismic testing of a full-scale wood structure on two shake tables", The 14th World Conference on Earth Engineering. China, October.
  15. City of Moore (2014), "City adopts new building codes, first in the nation"; City of Moore, OK, USA. https://www.cityofmoore.com/node/2111.
  16. Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering, (CUREE) (1999), Proceedings of the Invitational Workshop on Seismic Testing, Analysis and Design of Woodframe Construction, CUREE Publication No. W-01, Los Angeles, CA, March.
  17. Dinehart, D. W. and Shenton, H. W., III. (1998b), "Comparison of static and dynamic response of timber shear walls", J. Struct. Eng., 124(6), 686-695. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1998)124:6(686).
  18. Dinehart, D.W. and Shenton, H.W., III. (1998a), "Comparison of the response of timber shear walls with and without passive dampers", Proc. Structural Engineering Worldwide, Paper No. T207-5, Elsevier Science, New York.
  19. Dolan, J.D. (1989). "The dynamic response of timber shear walls", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
  20. Dolan, J.D. and Madsen, B. (1992), ''Monotonic and cyclic tests of timber shear walls'', Canadian J. Civil Eng., 19(3), 115-422. https://doi.org/10.1139/l92-050.
  21. Durham, J., Lam and Helmut G.L. Prion, G.L. (2001), "Seismic resistance of wood shear walls with large OSB panels", J. Struct. Eng., 127(12), 1460-1466. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:12(1460).
  22. Falk, R.H. and Itani, R.Y. (1987), "Dynamic characteristics of wood and gypsum diaphragms", J. Struct. Eng., 113(6), 1357-1370. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1987)113:6(1357).
  23. Filiatrault, A. (1990a), "Analytical predictions of the seismic response of friction damped timber shear walls", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 19, 259-273. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290190209.
  24. Filiatrault, A. (1990b), "Static and dynamic analysis of timber shear walls", Can. J. Civ. Eng., 17(4), 643-651. https://doi.org/10.1139/l90-073.
  25. Filiatrault, A., Christovasilis, I.P., Wanitkokul, A. and Van de Lindt, J.W. (2002), "Experimental seismic response of a full-scale light-frame wood building", ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 136(3), 246-254. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000112.
  26. Folz, B. and Filiatrault, A. (2001), "Cyclic analysis of wood shear walls", J. Struct. Eng., 127(4), 433-441. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:4(433).
  27. Folz, B. and Filiatrault, A. (2004), "Seismic analysis of woodframe structures. I: Model formulation", J. Struct. Eng., 130(9). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:9(1353).
  28. Folz, B., and Filiatrault, A. (2004), "Seismic analysis of woodframe structures. II: model implementation and verification", J. Struct. Eng., 130(9). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:9(1361).
  29. Foschi, R.O. (1974), "Load-slip characteristics of nails", Wood Sci., 7(1), 69-76.
  30. Foschi, R.O. (1982), "Load duration effects in western hemlock lumber", J. Struct. Division, 108(7), 1494-1510. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0005984
  31. Gatto, K. and Uang C.M. (2002), "Effects of loading protocol on the cyclic response of woodframe shearwalls", J. Struct. Eng., 129(10). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:10(1384).
  32. Gatto, K. and Uang, C.M. (2002), Cyclic Response of Woodframe Shear Walls: Loading Protocol and Rate of Loading Rate Effects, CUREE Publication, Richmond, CA, USA.
  33. Gupta, A.K. and Kuo, G.P. (1985), "Behavior of wood-framed shear walls", J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, 113(2), 260-278. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1985)111:8(1722).
  34. He, M., Magnusson, H., Lam, F. and Prion, H.G.L. (1999), "Cyclic performance of perforated wood shearwalls with oversize OSB panels", J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, 125(1), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:1(10).
  35. Insurance Journal (2013), "Moore, Oklahoma Tornado Damage Estimated at More than $2B", Insurance Journal, Montreal, QC, Canada. https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southcentral/2013/05/23/293129.htm.
  36. Itani, R.Y. and Cheung, C.K. (1984), "Nonlinear analysis of sheathed wood diaphragms", J. Struct. Eng., 110(9), 2137-2147. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1984)110:9(2137).
  37. Kamiya, F., Sugimoto, K. and Mii, N. (1996), "Pseudo dynamic test of sheathed wood walls", Proc., Int. Wood Engineering Conf., 2, New Orleans, Louisiana, October, 187-194.
  38. Karacabeyli, E. and Ceccotti, A. (1996), ''Test results on the lateral resistance of nailed shear walls", Proceedings of the International Wood Engineering Conf., 2, New Orleans, Louisiana, October, 179-186.
  39. Karacabeyli, E., Dolan, J. D., Ceccotti, A. and Ni, C. (1999), "Discussion of 'comparison of static and dynamic response of timber shear walls,' by David W. Dinehart and Harry W. Shenton III", J. Struct. Eng., 125(7), 796-797. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:7(796).
  40. Lafontaine, A., Chen, Z., Doudak, G. and Ying He, C. (2017), "Lateral behavior of light wood-frame shear walls with gypsum wall board", American Soc. Civil Eng. J. Struct. Eng., 143(8). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001798.
  41. Lam, F., Prion, H.G. and He, M. (1997), "Lateral resistance of wood shear walls with large sheating panels", J. Struct. Eng., 1666-1673. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:12(1666).
  42. Marshall, T.P., Bunting, W.F. and Weithorn, J.D. (2003), "Procedure for assessing wind damage to woodframed residences", Symposium on the F-Scale and Severe-Weather Damage Assessment, California, USA. February.
  43. McMullin, K.M. and Merrick, D. (2002), Seismic Performance of Gypsum Walls: Experimental Test Program, CUREE Publication No. W-15, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA.
  44. Memari, A.M. and Solnosky, R.L. (2014), "In-plane shear performance of wood-framed drywall sheathing wall systems under cyclic racking loading", Open J. Civil Eng., 4(1), 54-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2014.41006.
  45. National Design Specification (NDS) (2015), Specification Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic (SDPWS), American Wood Council, Washington, DC, USA.
  46. O'Dell, L. (2018), Moore; The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. www.okhistory.org
  47. Oliva, M.G. (1990), "Racking behavior of wood-framed gypsum panels under dynamic load", UCB/EERC-85/06; Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
  48. Pang, W.C., Rosowsky, D.V., Pei, S. and Van de Lindt (2007), "Evolutionary parameter hysteretic model for wood shear wall", J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, 137(8). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:8(1118).
  49. Pang, W.C., Rosowsky, D.V., Pei, S. and Van de Lindt (2010), "Simplified direct displacement design of sixstory woodframe building and pretest seismic performance assessment", J. Struct. Eng., 136(7), 813-825. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000181
  50. Pardoen, G.C., Kazanjy, R.P., Freund, E., Hamilton, C.H., Larsen, D., Shah, N. and Smith, A. (2000), "Results from the city of Los Angeles - UC Irvine shear wall test program", Proc. World Conference on Timber Engineering. Paper 1.1.1, British Columbia, Canada, August.
  51. Patton-Mallory, M. and Wolfe, R. W. (1985), "Light-frame shear wall length and opening effects", J. Struct. Eng., 111(10), 2227-2239. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1985)111:10(2227).
  52. Pei, S. and Van de Lindt, J.W. (2011), "Seismic numerical modeling of a six-story light-frame wood building: Comparison with experiments", J. Earthq. Eng., 15(6), 924-941. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2010.544840.
  53. Pei, S., Van de Lindt, J.W., Pryor, S.E., Shimizu, H., Isoda, H. and Rammer, D. (2010), "Seismic te sting of a full-scale mid-rise building: The NEESWood Capstone Test", NEESWood Report No. 4. MCEER Earthquake Engineering to Extreme Events, University of Buffalo, NY, USA.
  54. Plesnik, T., Doudak, G. and Erochko, J. (2016), "Testing and analytical modelling of intermediate gypsum wallboard in wood shear wall sheathing to framing connections", Canadian J. Civil Eng., 43(11), 968-976. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0324.
  55. Polensek, A. and Schimel, B.D. (1991), "Dynamic properties of light frame wood subsystems", J. Struct. Eng., 117(4), 1079-1095. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1991)117:4(1079).
  56. Ramseyer, C., Holliday, L. and Floyd, R. (2015), "Enhanced residential building code for tornado safety", J. Performance Construct. Facilities, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000832.
  57. Rezazadah, S.M. (2016), "Shear wall sill plate behavior in wood frames", M.Sc. Dissertation, Ohio State University.
  58. Seaders, P., Gupta, R. and Miller, T.H. (2009), "Monotonic and cyclic load testing of partially and fully anchored wood-frame shear walls", Wood Fiber Sci., 41(2), 146-156.
  59. Shadravan, S. and Ramseyer, C.C. (2018), "Investigation of wood shear walls subjected to lateral load", Structures,16, 82-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2018.08.007.
  60. Shipp, J. G., Erickson, T. W. and Rhodebeck, M. (2000), "Plywood shearwalls: Cyclic testing gives new design insight", Struct. Eng., July, 34-37.
  61. Showalter, J.B. (2017), "Wood shear wall design examples for wind", Structure Magazine, https://www.structuremag.org/?p=11564
  62. Sinha, A. and Gupta, R. (2009), "Strain distribution in OSB and GWB in wood-frame shear walls", J. Struct. Eng., 135(6), 667-675. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:6(666).
  63. Structural Foam Sheathings, OX Engineered Products INC., Northville, Michigan, USA.
  64. Tissel, J. R. and Elliott, J. R. (1977), "Plywood diaphragms", Research Report 105; APA, WA, USA.
  65. Tomasi, R. and Sartori, T. (2013), "Mechanical behaviour of connections between wood framed shear walls and foundations under monotonic and cyclic load", Construct. Build. Mater., 44, 682-690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.055.
  66. Tuomi, R.L. and McCutcheon, W.J. (1978), "Racking strength of light-frame nailed walls", J. Struct. Division, 104(7), 1131-1140. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0004955
  67. Van de Lindt, J.W. (2004), "Evolution of wood shear wall testing, modeling, and reliability analysis:Bibliography", Practice Periodical Struct. Design Construct., 9(1), https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0680(2004)9:1(44).
  68. Van de Lindt, J.W., Huart, J.N. and Rosowsky, D.V. (2004), "Wood shearwall reliability inherent in AF&PA/ASCE 16", Structures Congress, May. https://doi.org/10.1061/40700(2004)59.
  69. Van de Lindt, J.W., Pei, S., Pryor, S.E., Rammer, D., Shimizu, H., Tachibana, K., Isoda, H. and Nakamura, I. (2010), "Experimental seismic response of a full-scale six-story wood apartment building", Proceedings of 11th World Conference on Timber Engineering 2010, WCTE 2010, Trentino, Italy, June.
  70. Varoglu, E., Buitelaar, M., Karacabeyli, E., Lungu, D. and Stiemer, S. (2007), "Midply wood shear wall system: performance in dynamic testing", J. Struct. Eng., 133(7), 1035-1042. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:7(1035).
  71. Vilasineekul, S. (2014), "Anchorage of wood shear walls to concrete for tension and shear", Struct. Eng. Design, 12(7), 40-43.
  72. Wanyama, O.G., Sawata, K., Hirari, T., Koizumi, A. and Sasaki, Y. (2012), "Effective lateral resistance of timber-plywood-timber joints connected with nails", J. Wood Sci., 58(4), 315-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-012-1250-1.
  73. Wolf, R.W. (1983), "Contribution of gypsum wallboard to racking resistance of light-frame walls", FSRPFPL-439; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, USA.
  74. Zacher, E.G. and Gray, R.G. (1985), "Dynamic tests of wood framed shear walls", Proc., Structural Engineers Association of California 57th Annual Convention, San Diego, USA, October.
  75. Zhou, N. and He, M. (2011), "Contribution of gypsum wallboard to lateral resistance capacity of wood shear wall", 2011 International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks. CECNet 2011 - Proceedings, Xianning, China, March, 3035-3039.

Cited by

  1. Flow of casson nanofluid along permeable exponentially stretching cylinder: Variation of mass concentration profile vol.38, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2021.38.1.033
  2. Effect of suction on flow of dusty fluid along exponentially stretching cylinder vol.10, pp.3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.12989/anr.2021.10.3.263