Figure 1. Database search results for expression changes of genes related to Diacetyl.
Figure 2. Database search results for expression changes of genes related to 2,3-Pentanedione.
Table 1. Toxicity values of diacetyl from animal tests
Table 2. GHS Hazard Classification results of coffee flavoring chemicals*
Table 3. Occupational exposure limits for diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione
Table 4. Personal exposure limits for compounds sampled in the July 2015 and March 2016 NIOSH surveys*
Table 5. Function of expression-altering genes associated with diacetyl
Table 6. Function of expression-altering genes associated with 2,3-Pentanedione
Table 7. Ventilation considerations in the coffee roasting process
Table 8. Work management recommendations in the coffee roasting process
Table 9. Recommended protective equipment for the coffee roasting process
References
- Aguilar PR, Michelson AP, Isakow WMD. Obliterative Bronchiolitis. Transplantation 2016;100:272-283 (DOI: 10.1097/TP.0000000000000892)
- American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH). TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH; 2016. p.24.
- Castro D, Moreira M, Gouveia AM, Pozza DH, De Mello RA. MicroRNAs in lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017;8(46):81679-81685(DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20955)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC). [serial online] 2019 [Accessed 7 June 2019] URL: https://search.cdc.gov/search/?query=coffee+roasting&sitelimit=&utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=cdc-main
- Coffee TV, Franchise cafe status 1, nationwide. URL: coffeetv.co.kr [accessed 7 June 2019].
- Daglia M, Papetti A, Grisoli P, Aceti C, Spini V, et al. Isolation, identification, and quantification of roasted coffee antibacterial compounds. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55(25):10208-10213 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0722607
- Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 2012;379 (9823):1341-1351(DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9)
- Duling MG, LeBouf RF, Cox-Ganser JM, Kreiss K, Martin SB Jr, et al. Environemtnal characterization of a coffee processing workplace with brochiolitis in former workers. J Occup Environ Hyg 2016;13:770-781.(DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1177649)
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturer's Association(FEMA). [serial online] [Accessed 7 June 2019] Available from: URL: https://www.femaflavor.org/search?fulltext=coffee
- George RB. Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 172
- Grosch W. 16th ASIC Colloq. Kyoto. 1995, Choi N.A., The secret of the coffee aroma I have uncovered in science. Seoul-Commun. 2015
- Han YH, et al. Estimation of air pollutant emissions from coffee roasting. Kor Soc Atmos Env, 2017. p. 168
- Hazardous Substances Data Bank(HSDB). [serial online] [Accessed 7 June 2019]. Availabe from: URL: https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2
- Hubbs AF, Cumpston AM, Goldsmith WT, Battelli LA, Kashon ML, et al. Respiratory and olfactory cytotoxicity of inhaled 2,3-pentanedione in Sprague-Dawley rats. Am J Pathol 2012;181:829-844(DOI:10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.021)
- Institute of Health and Environment(IoHE), Incheon Metropolitan City. Investigation of benzopyrene content in coffee beans. [serial online] [accessed 7 June 2019]. Available from: URL: http://ecopia.incheon.go.kr/board/782
- Jaya K, Das S, Teoh SL. Dietary Acrylamide and the Risks of Developing Cancer: Facts to Ponder. Front Nutr 2018;5:14(DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00014)
- Kovacic P, Cooksy AL. Unifying mechanism for toxicity and addiction by abused drugs: electron transfer and reactive oxygen species. Med Hypotheses 2005. 64:357-366 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2004.07.021
- Lewis RJ. Sr.(ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ; 2004. p. 586-2844
- Lim JH, et al. Air pollutant emission measurement of coffee roaster. Kor Soc Atmos Env, 2017. p.168
- Liu ZS, Chen PW, Wang JY, Kuo TC. Assessment of Cellular Mutagenicity of Americano Coffees from Popular Coffee Chains. J Food Prot 2017;80(9):1489-1495(DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-17-052)
- Lomborg B. Global problems, local solutions : costs and benefits. Cambridge University Pres. 2013: p. 143
- Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med 2006;3(11):e442 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442
- MDI Biological Laboratory & NC State University. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. [serial online] 2012 [Accessed 7 June 2019]. Available from:URL: http://ctdbase.org/ [accessed 7 June 2019].
- Ministry of employment and labor(MOEL). Exposure criteria for chemicals and physical factors. 2018 An established rule No. 24. Government of Korea. [serial online] [Accessed 7 June 2019], Available from: URL: http://www.moel.go.kr/info/lawinfo/instruction/view.do?bbs_seq=20180300596 [accessed 7 June 2019].
- Morgan PT, Pace-Schott EF, Mason GF, Forselius E, Fasula M, et al. Cortical GABA Levels in Primary Insomnia. Sleep 2012;35(6):807-814(DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1880)
- Nathell L, Nathell M, Malmberg P, Larsson K. COPD diagnosis related to different guidelines and spirometry techniques. Respir Res 2007;8(1):89(DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-89)
- National Toxicology Program(NTP). Chemical Information Review Document for Artificial Butter Flavoring and Constituents Diacetyl [CAS No. 431-03-8] and Acetoin [CAS No. 513-86-0] Supporting Nomination for Toxicological Evaluation by the NTP. [serial online] 1985 [Accessed 7 June 2019] Available from: URL:https://ntpsearch.niehs.nih.gov/?query=coffee+roasting
- NIOSH Report No. 2015-0082-3287. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2017
- NIOSH Report No. 2016-0067-3313. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2018
- NIOSH, NOES Survey 1981-1983. Flavoring-related Lung Disease. [serial online] [Accessed 7 June 2019] Available from: URL: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/flavorings/processing.html
- Opdyke DL. Monographs on fragrance raw materials:n-Valeraldehyde. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1979;17(Suppl.):919-921 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-6264(79)80098-X
- Pirozzi C, Scholand MB. Smoking cessation and environmental hygiene. Med Clin North Am 2012;96(4):849-867(DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2012.04.014)
- Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;176(6):532-555 https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO
- Reilly JJ, Silverman EK, Shapiro SD. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseas. Longo, Dan; Fauci, Anthony; Kasper, Dennis; Hauser, Stephen; Jameson, J.; Loscalzo, Joseph. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed., McGraw Hill; 2011: p. 2151-2159
- Rom WN, Markowitz SB. etd. Environmental and occupational medicine, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. p. 521-522
- Smith BK, Timby NE. Essentials of nursing : care of adults and children. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 338
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH). [serial online] [Accessed 7 June 2019]. Available from: URL: https://search.cdc.gov/search/?subset=NIOSH&query=coffee+roasting&utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=cdc-main&sitelimit=www.cdc.gov%2Fniosh+%7C+blogs.cdc.gov%2Fniosh-science-blog%2F
- van Rooy FG, Smit LA, Houba R, Zaat VA, Rooyackers JM, et al. A cross-sectional study of lung function and respiratory symptoms among chemical workers producingdiacetyl for food flavourings. Occup Environ Med 2009;66:105-110(DOI: 10.1136/oem. 2008.039560)
- Vestbo J. Definition and Overview. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. 2013. p.1-7.
- Wei JS, Aizhen J, Yuan JM, Koh WP. Intake of tea and tea flavonoids, coffee and caffeine in relation to risk of lung cancer - the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Abstract 5318. Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2017; Washington, DC.
- World Health Organization(WHO). The 10 leading causes of death in the world, 2000 and 2011. [serial online] [Accessed 7 June 2019]. Available from: URL:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
- Yaylayan VA, Locas CP, Wnorowski A, O'Brien J. Mechanistic pathways of formation of acrylamide fromdifferent amino acids. Adv Exp Med Biol (Special Issue) 2005;561:191-203(DOI: 10.1007/0-387-24980-X_15)