Fig. 1. Schematic of Mononobe-Okabe method (Wagner & Sitar, 2016)
Fig. 2. Section of concrete retaining wall
Fig. 3. Flow chart for evaluation of the seismic performance of concrete walls
Fig. 4. Spectrum matched acceleration time histories and 5% damped response spectra of input ground motions
Fig. 5. Shear wave velocity profiles of wall sites
Table 1. Safety factors of concrete retaining wall (MOLIT, 2016)
Table 2. Dimensions of inverted T-type retaining walls (h = height of wall, B = width of wall base, H = height of backfill, Df = depth of penetration)
Table 3. Comparison of calculated PGA with KEPRI PGA
Table 4. Calculated safety factors and critical accelerations of concrete retaining walls
References
- Al Atik, L. and Abrahamson, N. (2010), An improved method for nonstationary spectral matching, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 601-617. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3459159
- Darendeli, M. B. (2001), Development of a new family of normalized modulus reduction and material damping curves, Ph D. thesis, University of Texas at Austin.
- Dunham, J. W. (1954), Pile foundations for building, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 385-1-21.
- Jeong, N. H. and Lee, C. K. (2008), Investigation of S-wave velocity based on SPS field tests, Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol. 24, No. 10, pp. 161-174 (In Korean).
- Kim, D. S., Bang, E. S. and Seo, W. S. (2003), Evaluation of shear wave velocity profiles by performing uphole test using SPT, Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 135-146 (In Korean).
- KEPRI (2017), Seismic design code of electric power transmission and substation facilities for practicing engineers - revised edition, Korea Electric Power Research Institute (In Korean).
- Meyerhof, G. G. (1956), Penetration tests and bearing capacity of cohesionless soils, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 866-1-19.
- MOLIT (2016), KDS 11 80 05 Design code of concrete retaining walls, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (In Korean).
- MOIS (2017), Seismic design code, Ministry of the Interior and Safety (In Korean).
- Peck, R. B., Hanson, W. E. and Thornburn, T. H. (1953), Foundation Engineering, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 222.
- Sun, C. G., Cho, C. S., Son, M. and Shin, J. S. (2013), Correlations between shear wave velocity and in-situ penetration test results for Korean soil deposits, Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 170, No. 3, pp. 271-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-012-0516-2
- Wagner, N. and Sitar, N. (2016), On seismic response of stiff and flexible retaining structures, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 91, pp. 284-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.09.025