Fig. 1. Variation in anthocyanin content with change in transplanting time in black-colored rice cultivars. Values with the same letters in a column are not significantly different at the 5% level as determined using DMRT.
Fig. 2. Correlation analysis between anthocyanin content and average temperature for 30 days after heading in blackcolored rice.
Fig. 3. Variation in anthocyanin production with changes in transplanting time in black-colored rice cultivars. Values with the same letters in a column are not significantly different at the 5% level as determined using DMRT.
Table 1. Average temperature for 30 days after heading of black-colored rice cultivars.
Table 2. Heading date, yield, anthocyanin content, and anthocyanin production of early maturing black-colored rice cultivars with different transplanting times.
Table 3. Heading date, yield, anthocyanin content, and anthocyanin production of medium maturing black-colored rice cultivars with different transplanting times.
Table 4. Heading date, yield, anthocyanin content, and anthocyanin production of medium-late maturing black-colored rice cultivars with different transplanting times.
References
- Bae, H.K, S. H. Oh, J. D. Hwang, J. H. Seo, S. Y. Kim, and M. K. Oh. 2017a. Effects of different nitrogen levels and planting densities on the quality and quantity of 'Nunkeunheugchal' rice. Korean J. Crop Sci. 62(2) : 118-123. https://doi.org/10.7740/KJCS.2017.62.2.118
- Bae, H.K, S. H. Oh, J. D. Hwang, J. H. Seo, S. Y. Kim, and M. K. Oh. 2017b. Polyphenol content and yield variation of red-colored cultivars depends on transplanting date in southern plain region of Korea. Korean J. Crop Sci. 62(3) : 166-171. https://doi.org/10.7740/KJCS.2017.62.3.166
- Chen, P.N., W.H. Kuo, C.L. Chiang, H.L. Chiou, Y.S. Hsieh, and S.C. Chu. 2006. Black rice anthocyanins inhibit cancer cells invasion via repressions of MMPs and u-PA expression. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 163(3) : 218-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2006.08.003
- Cho, M. H., Y. S. Paik, H. H. Yoon, and T. R. Hahn. 1996. Chemical structure of the major color component from a Korean pigmented rice variety. Agri. Chem. Biotech. 39(4) : 304-308.
- Choi, Y.H., H.M. Han, Y.J. Won, J.Y. Park, Y.Y. Lee, B.W. Lee, S.L. Kim, and K.S. Lee. 2016. Variation of Cyanidin-3-Glucoside in the Pigmented Rice as Affected by the Rice Cultivation Types. J. Korean Soc. Int. Agric. 28(4) : 490-495. https://doi.org/10.12719/KSIA.2016.28.4.490
- Goffman, F. D. and C. J. Bergman. 2004. Rice kernel phenolic content and its relationship with antiradical efficiency. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 84 : 1235-1240. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1780
- Hosseinian, F. S., W. Li, and T. Beta. 2008. Measurement of anthocyanins and other phytochemicals in purple wheat. Food Chem. 109 : 916-924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.083
- Kim, H.Y., J.H. Kim, S.A. Lee, S.N. Ryu, S.J. Han, and S.G. Hong. 2010. Antioxidative and anti-diabetic activity of C3GHi, novel black rice breed. Korean J. Crop. Sci. 55(1) : 38-46.
- Kim, S.K., J. H. Shin, D. K. Kang, S. Y. Kim, and S. Y. Park. 2013. Changes of Anthocyanidin content and brown rice yield in three pigmented rice varieties among different transplanting and harvesting times. Korean J. Crop Sci. 58(1) : 28-35. https://doi.org/10.7740/kjcs.2013.58.1.028
- Korean rice research society. 2010. Rice. Seoul: Episteme.
- Lee, I. S., D. R. Lee, S. H. Cho, S. Y. Lee, K. C. Kim, K. W. Lee, and Y. J. Song. 2016. Effects of different nitrogen levels and planting densities on the quality and yield of the black rice cultivar 'Shinnongheugchal'. Korean J. Crop Sci. 61(2) : 79-86. https://doi.org/10.7740/kjcs.2016.61.2.079
- Miguel, M. G. 2011. Anthocyanins: antioxidant and/or antiinflammatory activities. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 01(06) : 07-15
- Nam, S. H., S. P. Choi, M. Y. Kang, H. J. Koh, N. Kozukue and F. Mendel. 2005. Bran extracts from pigmented rice seeds inhibits tumor promotion in lymphoblastoid B cells by phorbol ester. Food and Chemical Toxicology 43 : 741-745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.014
- Nam, S. H., S. P. Choi, M. Y. Kang, H. J. Koh, N. Kozukue, and M. Friedman. 2006. Antioxidative activities of bran extracts from twenty one pigmented rice cultivars. Food Chem. 94 : 613-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.12.010
- Oh, S. H., K. J. Choi, S. Y. Kim, W. D. Seo, S. I. Han, J. H. Cho, Y. C. Song, M. H. Nam, C. K. Lee, S. H. Woo, and C. W. Lee. 2015. Variation of Functional materials and antioxidant activity as affected by cultivation environment in pigmented rice varieties. Korean J. Crop Sci. 60(2) : 153-166. https://doi.org/10.7740/kjcs.2015.60.2.153
- Rural Development Administration. 2014. Cultivation technique for processing rice. pp. 115-118.
- Ryu, S. N., S. J. Han, S. Z. Park, and H. R. Kim. 2006. Antioxidant activity of blackish purple rice. Korean J. Crop Sci 51 : 173-178.
- Statistics Korea. 2018. http://kosis.kr.