Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters (한국미생물·생명공학회지)

The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology (한국미생물·생명공학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Biotransformation of Ginsenosides by Eoyukjang-derived Lactic Acid Bacteria in Mountain-cultivated Ginseng

  • Lee, Hyojin (Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University) ;
  • Ahn, Seung Il (Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University) ;
  • Yang, Byung Wook (School of Industrial Bio-Pharmaceutical Science (LINC+ Project), Semyung University) ;
  • Park, Jong Dae (Central Research Institute, Korean Ginseng Research Co., Ltd.) ;
  • Shin, Wang Soo (Central Research Institute, Korean Ginseng Research Co., Ltd.) ;
  • Ko, Sung Kwon (The Department of Oriental Medical Food and Nutrition, Semyung University) ;
  • Hahm, Young Tae (Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University)
  • Received : 2018.10.02
  • Accepted : 2018.12.03
  • Published : 2019.06.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Biotransformation of ginsenosides by microorganisms alters the absorption and bioavailability of ginseng as a medicinal herb. In this study, we isolated two kinds of fermenting microorganisms from Eoyukjang, which is a traditional Korean fermented food made from soybean. Next, we identified and detected their ability to convert major ginsenosides to compound K. The two microorganisms, referred to as R2-6 and R2-15, had 100% similarity with Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum ATCC $14917^T$ and Lactobacillus rhamnosus JCM $1136^T$, respectively. The optimal pH and growth temperature of the isolates were determined to be pH 6-7 and $30^{\circ}C$. After fermentation for 30 days, the major ginsenosides in the mountain-cultivated ginseng were transformed to the highly bioactive ginsenoside, compound K, in the final product.

Keywords

References

  1. Choi KT. 2008. Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of Korean Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 29: 1109-1118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00869.x
  2. Lee SM, Bae BS, Park HW, Ahn NG, Cho BG, Cho YL, et al. 2015. Characterization of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer): History, preparation method, and chemical composition. J. Ginseng Res. 39: 384-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2015.04.009
  3. Hasegawa H. 2004. Proof of the mysterious efficacy of ginseng: basic and clinical trials: metabolic activation of ginsenoside: deglycosylation by intestinal bacteria and esterification with fatty acid. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 95: 153-157. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.FMJ04001X4
  4. Mohanan P, Subramaniyam S, Mathiyalagan R, Yang DC. 2018. Molecular signaling of ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3 and their mode of actions. J. Ginseng Res. 42: 123-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.008
  5. Lee CH, Kim JH. 2014. A review on the medicinal potentials of ginseng and ginsenosides on cardiovascular diseases. J. Ginseng Res. 38: 161-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2014.03.001
  6. Wang W, Zhao Y, Rayburn ER, Hill DL, Wang H, Zhang R. 2007. In vitro anti-cancer activity and structure-activity relationships of natural products isolated from fruits of Panax ginseng. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 59: 589-601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-006-0300-z
  7. Hwang YP, Jeong HG. 2010. Ginsenoside Rb1 protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress by increasing heme oxygenase-1 expression through an estrogen receptor-related PI3K/Akt/Nrf2-dependent pathway in human dopaminergic cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 242: 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.09.009
  8. Yang WS, Yi YS, Kim D, Kim MH, Park JG, Kim E, et al. 2017. Nuclear factor kappa-B- and activator protein-1-mediated immunostimulatory activity of compound K in monocytes and macrophages. J. Ginseng Res. 41: 298-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2016.06.004
  9. Nag SA, Qin JJ, Wang W, Wang MH, Wang H, Zhang R. 2012. Ginsenosides as anticancer agents: In vitro and in vivo activities, structure-activity relationships, and molecular mechanisms of action. Front. Pharmacol. 3: 25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2012.00025
  10. Kim C, Choo GC, Cho HS, Lim JT. 2015. Soil properties of cultivation sites for mountain-cultivated ginseng at local level. J. Ginseng Res. 39: 76-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2014.06.004
  11. Kim EO, Cha KH, Lee EH, Kim SM, Choi SW, Pan CH, et al. 2014. Bioavailability of ginsenosides from white and red ginsengs in the simulated digestion model. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62: 10055-10063. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf500477n
  12. Bae EA, Han MJ, Choo MK, Park SY, Kim DH. 2002. Metabolism of 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 by human intestinal bacteria and its relation to in vitro biological activities. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25: 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.25.58
  13. Bae EA, Han MJ, Kim EJ, Kim DH. 2004. Transformation of ginseng saponins to ginsenoside Rh2 by acids and human intestinal bacteria and biological activities of their transformants. Arch. Pharm. Res. 27: 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980048
  14. Kim SH, Min JW, Quan LH, Lee S, Yang DU, Yang DC. 2012. Enzymatic Transformation of Ginsenoside Rb1 by Lactobacillus pentosus Strain 6105 from Kimchi. J. Ginseng Res. 36: 291-297. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2012.36.3.291
  15. Park B, Hwang H, Lee J, Sohn SO, Lee SH, Jung MY, et al. 2017. Evaluation of ginsenoside bioconversion of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Kimchi. J. Ginseng Res. 41: 524-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2016.10.003
  16. Oh EJ, Oh MH, Lee JM, Cho MS, Oh SS. 2008. Characterization of microorganism in Eoyukjang. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 40: 656-660.
  17. Peralta RM, Kadowaki MK, Terenzi HF, Jorge JA. 1997. A highly thermostable ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity from the thermophilic fungus Humicola grisea var. thermoidea: purification and biochemical characterization. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 146: 291-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(96)00490-9
  18. Lee SH, No MJ. 1997. Viability in artificial gastric and bile juice and antimicrobial activity of some lactic acid bacteria isolated from Kimchi. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 6: 617-622.
  19. Chang KH, Jo MN, Kim KT, Paik HD. 2014. Evaluation of glucosidases of Aspergillus niger strain comparing with other glucosidases in transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenosides Rg3. J. Ginseng Res. 38: 47-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.008
  20. Helms S. 2004. Cancer prevention and therapeutics: Panax ginseng. Altern. Med. Rev. 9: 259-274.
  21. Succi M, Tremonte P, Reale A, Sorrentino E, Grazia L, Pacifico S, et al. 2005. Bile salt and acid tolerance of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains isolated from Parmigiano Reggiano cheese. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 244: 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.01.037
  22. Hassanzadazar H, Ehsani A, Mardani K, Hesari J. 2012. Investigation of antibacterial, acid and bile tolerance properties of lactobacilli isolated from Koozeh cheese. Vet. Res. Forum. 3: 181-185.
  23. Jung J, Jang HJ, Eom SJ, Choi NS, Lee NK, Paik HD. 2017. Fermentation of red ginseng extract by the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11613P: ginsenoside conversion and antioxidant effects. J. Ginseng Research. 43: 20-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.07.004
  24. Kim BG, Shin KS, Yoon TJ, Yu KW, Ra KS, Kim JM, et al. 2011. Fermentation of Korean red ginseng by Lactobacillus plantarum M-2 and its immunological activities. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 165: 1107-1119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-011-9328-6
  25. Ku S, You HJ, Park MS, Ji GE. 2016. Whole-cell biocatalysis for producing ginsenoside Rd from Rb1 using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 26: 1206-1215. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1601.01002
  26. Wan JY, Liu P, Wang HY, Qi LW, Wang CZ, Li P, et al. 2013. Biotransformation and metabolic profile of American ginseng saponins with human intestinal microflora by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A. 1286: 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.053