Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the fracturing experiment system
Fig. 2. Evolution of borehole pressure, accumulative AE count, permeated volume during (a) LCO2, (b) water, and (c) oil injections at a pressurization rate of 0.2 MPa/sec (Ha et al., 2018)
Fig. 4. Breakdown pressure with permeated volume normalized by pore volume (Ha et al., 2018)
Fig. 5. Evolution of borehole pressure and AE count rate during LCO2, water, and oil injections
Fig. 6. Total AE count emitted during crack extension period at different pressurization rates (Ha et al., 2018)
Fig. 7. The difference between the breakdown pressure (Pb) and the fracture initiation pressure (Pi) and the ratio of Pi to Pb at different pressurization rates (Ha et al., 2018)
Fig. 8. 16-bit gray scaled image in 2D and reconstructed fracture in 3D for mortar specimens fractured by (a) LCO2, (b) water, and (c) oil injections (Ha et al., 2018)
Fig. 9. 16-bit gray scaled image in 2D and reconstructed fracture in 3D for fractured shale specimens of 4 cases (a) SL1, (b) SL2, (c) SW1, and (d) SW2. The specimens of SL1 and SL2 are fractured by LCO2 injection and other specimens of SW1 and SW2 are fractured by water injection
Fig. 10. Breakdown pressure and Fracture volume in the tests using mortar and shale specimens
Fig. 11. Fluid efficiency (fracture volume / injected fluid volume) of each fracturing fluid in the tests using mortar and shale specimens
Fig. 3. (a) Breakdown pressure and (b) permeated volume normalized by pore volume at different pressurization rates (Ha et al., 2018)
Table 1. Properties of mortar and shale specimen
Table 2. Breakdown pressure and Injected volume measured in fracturing tests using shale specimens
참고문헌
- Beckwith R., 2010, Hydraulic fracturing: the fuss, the facts, the future, J. Petrol. Technol. 62, 34-40. https://doi.org/10.2118/1210-0034-JPT
- Bennour Z., T. Ishida, Y. Nagaya, Y. Chen, Y.Nara , Q. Chen, K. Sekine, Y. Nagano, 2015, Crack extension in hydraulic fracturing of shale cores using viscous oil, water, and liquid carbon dioxide, Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 48.4, 1463-1473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0774-2
- Brenne S., M. Molenda, F. Stoockhert , M. Alber, 2013, Hydraulic and sleeve fracturing laboratory experiments on 6 rock types, Proc. Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic fracturing, 20-22 May, Austrailia.
- Chen H. and K.E. Carter, 2016, Water usage for natural gas production through hydraulic fracturing in the United States from 2008 to 2014, J. Environ. Manage. 170, 152-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.01.023
- Chen Y., Y. Nagaya, T. Ishida, 2015, Observations of fractures induced by hydraulic fracturing in anisotropic granite, Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 48, 1455-1461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0727-9
- Gallegos T.J., B.A. Varela, S.S. Haines, M.A. Engle, 2015, Hydraulic fracturing water use variability in the United States and potential environmental implications, Water. Resour. Res. 51, 5839-5845. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017278
- Gan Q., D. Elsworth, J. Alpern, C. Marone, P. Connolly, 2015, Breakdown pressures due to infiltration and exclusion in finite length boreholes, J. Petrol. Sci. Eng. 127, 329-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2015.01.011
- Gandossi L., 2013, An overview of hydraulic fracturing and other formation stimulation technologies for shale gas production, Eur. Commisison Jt. Res. Cent. Tech. Reports.
- Gregory K.B., R.D. Vidic, D.A. Dzombak, 2011, Water management challenges associated with the production of shale gas by hydraulic fracturing, Elements 7, 181-186. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.7.3.181
- Guo F., N. Morgenstern, J. Scott, 1993, Interpretation of hydraulic fracturing breakdown pressure, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. 30, 617-626. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(93)91221-4
- Guo T., S. Zhang, Z. Qu, T. Zhou, Y. Xiao, J. Gao, 2014, Experimental study of hydraulic fracturing for shale by stimulated reservoir volume, Fuel 128, 373-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.03.029
- Ha S.J., J. Choo, T.S. Yun, 2018, Liquid CO2 Fracturing: effect of fluid permeation on the breakdown pressure and cracking behavior. rock mechanics and rock engineering, Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 51, 3407-3420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1542-x
- He J., L.O. Afolagboye, C. Lin, X. Wan, 2018, An experimental investigation of hydraulic fracturing in shale considering anisotropy and using freshwater and supercritical CO2, Energies 11, 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030557
- Ishida T., Y. Chen, Z. Bennour, H. Yamashita, S. Inui, Y. Nagaya, M. Naoi, Q. Chen, Y. Nakayama, Y. Nagano, 2016, Features of CO2 fracturing deduced from acoustic emission and microscopy in laboratory experiments, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea. 121, 8080-8098. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013365
- Kohshou I. O., R. Barati, M.C. Yorro, T. Leshchyshyn, A.T. Adejumo, U. Ahmed, I. Kugler, M. Reynolds, J. McAndrew, 2017, Economic assessment and review of waterless fracturing technologies in shale resource development: A case study, J. Earth. Sci.-China 28, 933-948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-017-0781-1
- Li X, Z. Feng, G. Han, D. Elsworth, C. Marone, D. Saffer, D.S. Cheon, 2016, Breakdown pressure and fracture surface morphology of hydraulic fracturing in shale with H2O, CO2 and N2, Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour. 2, 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-016-0022-6
- Moridis G., 2017, Literature review and analysis of waterless fracturing methods, Report Number: LBNL-1007287.
- Osborn S.G., A. Vengosh, N.R. Warner, R.B. Jackson, 2011, Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108. 8172-8176. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100682108
- Palmer I. and P. Heald, 1973, The application of acoustic emission measurements to fracture mechanics, Mater. Sci. Eng. 11, 181-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(73)90076-1
- Purcell W.R., 1949, Capillary pressures - Their measurement using mercury and the calculation of permeability therefrom, J. Petrol. Technol. 1, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.2118/949039-G
- Roberts T. and M. Talebzadeh, 2003, Acoustic emission monitoring of fatigue crack propagation, J. Constr. Steel. Res. 59, 695-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(02)00064-0
- Sezgin M. and B. Sankur, 2004, Survey over image thresholding techniques and quantitative performance evaluation, J. Electron. Imaging 13, 146-166. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1631315
- Sovacool B.K., 2014, Cornucopia or curse? Reviewing the costs and benefits of shale gas hydraulic fracturing (fracking), Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 37, 249-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.068
- Stanchits S., A. Surdi, P. Gathogo, E. Edelman, R. Suarez-Rivera, 2014, Onset of hydraulic fracture initiation monitored by acoustic emission and volumetric deformation measurements, Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 47, 1521-1532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0584-y
- Vengosh A., B.B. Jackson, N. Warner, T.H. Darrah, A. Kondash, 2014, A critical review of the risks to water resources from unconventional shale gas development and hydraulic fracturing in the United States, Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 8334-8348. https://doi.org/10.1021/es405118y
- Wan J., 2017, Report on developing a US-China joint project on CO2-based fracturing techniques, Report Number: LBNL-1007288.
- Wang J., D. Elsworth, Y. Wu, J. Liu, W. Zhu, Y. Liu Y, 2018, The influence of fracturing fluids on fracturing processes: a comparison between water, oil and SC-CO2, Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 51.1, 299-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1326-8
- Wang L., B. Yao, M. Cha, N. Alqahtani, T. Patterson, T. Kneafsey, J. Miskimins, X. Yin, Y. Wu, 2016, Waterless fracturing technologies for unconventional reservoirs-opportunities for liquid nitrogen, J. Nat. Gas. Sci. Eng. 35, 160-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.08.052
- Zeng F, X. Cheng, J. Guo, Z. Chen, L. Tao, X. Liu, Q. Jiang, J. Xiang, 2018, Effect of fluid penetration on tensile failure during fracturing of an open-hole wellbore, J. Geophys. Eng. 15, 952-961. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2140/aaa91f
- Zhang X., Y. Lu, J. Tang, Z. Zhou, Y. Liao, 2017, Experimental study on fracture initiation and propagation in shale using supercritical carbon dioxide fracturing, Fuel 190, 370-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.10.120
- Zhao J., C. Liu, H. Yang, Y. Li, 2015, Strategic questions about China's shale gas development, Environ. Earth Sci. 73, 6059-6068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4092-5
- Zhou X., T.J. Burbey, 2014, Fluid effect on hydraulic fracture propagation behavior: a comparison between water and supercritical CO2-like fluid, Geofluids 14, 174-188. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfl.12061
- Zoback M., F. Rummel, R. Jung, C. Raleigh, 1977, Laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments in intact and pre-fractured rock, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. 14, 49-58.
- Zoback M.D. and D.D. Pollard, 1978, Hydraulic fracture propagation and the interpretation of pressure-time records for in-situ stress determinations, Proc. 19th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS), 1-3 May, U.S.A.