DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Experimental observation and numerical simulation of cement grout penetration in discrete joints

  • Lee, Jong-Won (Department of Energy & Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University) ;
  • Kim, Hyung-Mok (Department of Energy & Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University) ;
  • Yazdani, Mahmoud (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University) ;
  • Lee, Hangbok (Center for Deep Subsurface Research, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM)) ;
  • Oh, Tae-Min (Department of Civil and Environmetnal Engineering, Pusan National University) ;
  • Park, Eui-Seob (Center for Deep Subsurface Research, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM))
  • Received : 2018.05.28
  • Accepted : 2019.06.03
  • Published : 2019.06.30

Abstract

This paper presents a comparison between experimental measurements and numerical estimations of penetration length of a cement grout injected in discrete joints. In the experiment, a joint was generated by planar acryl plates with a certain separation distance (; aperture) and was designed in such a way to vary the separation distances. Since a cement grout was used, the grout viscosity can be varied by controlling water-cement (W/C) ratios. Throughout these experiments, the influence of joint aperture, cement grout viscosity, and injection rate on a penetration length in a discrete joint was investigated. During the experiments, we also measured the time-dependent variation of grout viscosity due to a hardening process. The time-dependent viscosity was included in our numerical simulations as a function of elapsed time to demonstrate its impact on the estimation of penetration length. In the numerical simulations, Bingham fluid model that has been known to be applicable to a viscous cement material, was employed. We showed that the estimations by the current numerical approach were well comparable to the experimental measurements only in limited conditions of lower injection rates and smaller joint apertures. The difference between two approaches resulted from the facts that material separation (; bleeding) of cement grout, which was noticeable in higher injection rate and there could be a significant surface friction between the grout and joint planes, which are not included in the numerical simulations. Our numerical simulation, meanwhile, could well demonstrate that penetration length can be significantly over-estimated without considering a time-dependency of viscosity in a cement grout.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), National Research Foundation of Korea (KRF)

References

  1. Azimian, A. and Ajalloeian, R. (2015), "Permeability and groutability appraisal of the Nargesi dam site in Iran based on the secondary permeability index, joint hydraulic aperture and Lugeon tests", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 74(3), 845-859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-014-0675-8.
  2. Funehag, J. and Thorn, J. (2018), "Radial penetration of cementitious grout-Laboratory verification of grout spread in a fracture model", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Technol., 72, 228-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.11.020.
  3. Ghafar, A.N., Sadrizadeh, S. and Magakis, K. (2017), "Varying aperture long slot (VALS), a method for studying grout penetrability into fractured hard rock", Geotech. Test. J., 40(5), 871-882. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20160179.
  4. Gustafson, G. and Stille, H. (1996), "Prediction of groutability from grout properties and hydrogeological data", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Technol., 11(3), 325-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(96)00027-2.
  5. Gustafson, G. and Stille, H. (2005), "Stop criteria for cement grouting", Felsbau, 23, 62-68.
  6. Gustafson, G., Claesson, J. and Fransson A. (2013), "Steering parameters for rock grouting", J. Appl. Math., 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/269594.
  7. Hakansson, U., Hassler, L. and Stille, H. (1992), "Rheological properties of microfine cement grouts", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Technol., 7(4), 453-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(92)90076-T.
  8. Houlsby, A.C. (1990), Construction and Design of Cement Grouting: A Guide to Grouting in Rock Foundations, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S.A.
  9. Itasca (2014), UDEC User's Manual Ver.6.0, Itasca Consulting Group Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A.
  10. Jamsawang, P., Poorahong, H., Yoobanpot, N. and Jongpradist, P. (2017), "Improvement of soft clay with cement and bagasse ash waste", Construct. Build. Mater., 154, 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.188
  11. Jones, B.R., Louis Van Rooy, J. and Mouton, D.J. (2018), "Verifying the ground treatment as proposed by the Secondary Permeability Index during dam foundation grouting", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 78(3), 1305-1326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1219-9
  12. Kim, H.M., Lee, J.W., Yazdani, M., Tohidi, E., Nejati, H.R. and Park, E.S. (2018), "Coupled viscous fluid flow and joint deformation analysis for grout injection in a rock joint", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 51(2), 627-638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1339-3.
  13. Kobayashi, S. and Stille, H. (2007), "Design for rock grouting based on analysis of grout penetration", Verification using Aspo HRL data and parameter analysis, No. SKB R-07-13, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company, Stockholm, Sweden.
  14. Lee, H.B., Oh, T.M., Park, E.S., Lee, J.W. and Kim, H.M. (2017), "Factors affecting waterproof efficiency of grouting in single rock fracture", Geomech. Eng., 12(5), 771-783. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.5.771.
  15. Lee, J.W. (2017), "Performance analysis on the design parameters of viscous fluid penetration in rock joint", M.Sc. Thesis, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea.
  16. Lee, J.W., Oh, T.M., Kim, H. and Kim, M.K. (2019), "Coupling material characteristics with water-cement ratio for elastic wave based monitoring of underground structure", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Technol., 84, 129-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.11.014.
  17. Li, S.C., Sha, F., Liu, R.T., Zhang, Q.S. and Li, Z.F. (2017), "Investigation on fundamental properties of microfine cement and cement-slag grouts", Construct. Build. Mater., 153, 965-974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.188.
  18. Minto, J.M., Mac Lachlan, E., Mountassir, G.E. and Lunn, R.J. (2016), "Rock fracture grouting with microbially induced carbonate precipitation", Water Resour. Res., 52(11), 8827-8844. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR018884.
  19. Mohammed, M.H., Pusch, R. and Knutsson, S. (2015), "Study of cement-grout penetration into fractures under static and oscillatory conditions", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Technol., 45, 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.08.003.
  20. National Research Council (NRC). (1996), Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow: Contemporary Understanding and Applications, National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
  21. Rahman, M., Wiklun, J., Kotze, R. and Hakansson, U. (2017), "Yield stress of cement grouts", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Technol., 61, 50-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.09.009.
  22. Saedi, O., Stille, H. and Torabi, S.R. (2013), "Numerical and analytical analyses of the effects of different joint and grout properties on the rock mass groutability", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Technol., 38, 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.05.005.
  23. Sohrabi-Bidar, A., Rastergar-Nina, A. and Zolfaghari, A. (2016), "Estimation of the grout take using empirical relationship (case study: Bakhtiari dam site)", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 75(2), 425-438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0754-5.
  24. Struble, L. and Sun, G.K. (1995), "Viscosity of Portland cement paste as a function of concentration", Adv. Cem. Based Mater., 2(2), 62-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/1065-7355(95)90026-8.
  25. Sui, W., Liu, J., Hu, W., Qi, J.F. and Zhan, K. (2015) "Experimental investigation on sealing efficiency of chemical grouting in rock fracture with flowing water", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Technol., 50, 239-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.07.012.
  26. Tani, M.E. and Stille, H. (2017), "Grout spread and injection period of silica solution and cement mix in rock fractures", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 50(9), 2365-2380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1237-8.
  27. Warner, J. (2004), Practical Handbook of Grouting: Soil, Rock and Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S.A.
  28. Wilkinson, W.L. (1960), Non-Newtonian Fluid: Fluid Mechanism Mixing and Heat Transfer, Pergamon Press, London, U.K,.
  29. Xiao, F., Zhao, Z. and Chen, H. (2017), "A simplified model for predicting grout flow in fracture channels", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Technol., 70, 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.06.024.
  30. Zheng, G., Zhang, X., Diao, Y. and Lei, H. (2016), "Experimental study on the performance of compensation grouting in structured soil", Geomech. Eng., 10(3), 335-355. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2016.10.3.335.