Figure 1. Schematic diagram of tubular type pyrolysis reactor.
Scheme 1. Experimental procedure of bamboo activated carbon and phosphoric acid mixed bamboo activated carbon, Formation of phosphate esters on cellulose side-chains (T < 450 ℃) and cross-linking and Mechanism of phosphate ester formation by phosphorylation of cellulose (T > 450 ℃) [21].
Figure 2. TG&DTG curves and peak separation of bamboo at heating rates of 10 ℃ min-1.
Figure 3. SEM image of bamboo activated carbon at 750 ℃, 800 ℃, and 850 ℃; ×500.
Figure 4. Micropore and mesopore distribution using BET analysis of bamboo activated carbon with different steam flow rate.
Figure 5. Micropore and mesopore distribution using BET analysis of bamboo activated carbon with different mixing ratio phosphoric acid.
Figure 6. SEM image of phosphoric acid mixed bamboo activated carbon at 600 ℃, 700 ℃, and 850 ℃; ×500.
Figure 7. FT-IR spectra of carbonization carbon and activated carbon for AC3 (800 ℃, 1.4 mL-H2O g-char-1 h-1, 2 h) and AC-P4 (bamboo : phosphoric acid = 1:1 wt ratio, 700 ℃, 1.4 mL-H2O g-char-1 h-1, 2 h) conditions: 1. AC3 Carbonization carbon, 2. AC3 Activated carbon, 3. AC-P4 Carbonization carbon, 4. AC-P4 Activated carbon.
Figure 8. Weight loss for bamboo activated carbon: (a) AC3 (800 ℃, 1.4 mL-H2O g-char-1 h-1, 2 h) and (b) AC-P4 (bamboo : phosphoric acid = 1:1 wt ratio, 700 ℃, 1.4 mL-H2O gchar-1 h-1, 2 h) at heating rate of 10 ℃min-1.
Figure 9. Kinetic parameters for methylene blue adsorption on activated carbon at different weight: AC3 (800 ℃, 1.4 mL-H2O g-char-1 h-1, 2 h) and AC-P4 (bamboo : phosphoric acid = 1:1 wt ratio, 700 ℃, 1.4 mL-H2O g-char-1 h-1, 2 h).
Table 1. Characteristics of bamboo: contents of volatile matter, fixed carbon, moisture, ash, elements and higher heating value (HHV)
Table 2. Inorganic compositions of bamboo
Table 3. Characteristics of bamboo activated carbon produced through different activation conditions
Table 4. Effect of the mixing ratio of bamboo and phosphoric acid on drying and carbonization yield
Table 5. Effect of mixing ratio of bamboo and phosphoric acid, activation temperature, and steam flow rate on product yield and characteristics
Table 6. Kinetic parameters for adsorption of methylene blue on activated carbon at different weight; (a) AC3 (800 ℃, 1.4 mL-H2O g-char-1 h-1, 2 h) and (b) AC-P4 (bamboo : phosphoric acid = 1:1 wt ratio, 700 ℃, 1.4 mL-H2O g-char-1 h-1, 2 h)
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