Journal of Veterinary Clinics (한국임상수의학회지)

The Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics (한국임상수의학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Echocardiographic Assessment of Papillary Muscle Size and Function in Normal Beagle Dogs

  • Kim, Mijin (College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Choi, Sooyoung (College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Choi, Hojung (College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Lee, Youngwon (College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Lee, Kija (College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University)
  • Received : 2019.03.27
  • Accepted : 2019.06.13
  • Published : 2019.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Morphologic changes or functional impairments of the papillary muscle (PM) can influence mitral valve competence. The purpose of this study was to investigate PM size and contractile function using two-dimensional and color tissue Doppler echocardiography in normal dogs. 35 unsedated Beagle dogs without cardiovascular disease were examined. The vertical (VD) and horizontal diameter (HD) of the posterior and anterior PM was measured at end-diastole, and compared with the thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall (LVPWd). Longitudinal systolic movement of the PM was quantified as myocardial velocity and strain using tissue Doppler. The VD, HD, and ratios (VD/LVPWd, HD/LVPWd, VD/HD) were significantly greater in the posterior than anterior PM (P < 0.001). The VD and HD of posterior PM and the HD of anterior PM were significantly correlated with LVPWd (r = 0.47, 0.44, and 0.42, respectively). Body weight was significantly correlated with VD of posterior PM (r = 0.37). The peak systolic tissue velocity of the PM was $4.93{\pm}1.25cm/sec$ and peak strain was $-30.83{\pm}11.92%$. PM size and systolic function can be quantitatively assessed using two-dimensional and tissue Doppler. The establishment of these objective PM measurements may be useful to evaluate morphological and functional abnormalities of the canine PM.

Keywords

References

  1. Adin DB, Diley-Poston L. Papillary muscle measurements in cats with normal echocardiograms and cats with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21: 737-741. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03015.x
  2. Boon JA. The two-dimensional echocardiographic exam. In: Veterinary Echocardiography, 2nd ed. Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. 2011: 37-99.
  3. Chetboul V, Sampedrano CC, Concordet D, Tissier R, Lamour T, Ginesta J, Gouni V, Nicolle AP, Pouchelon JL, Lefebvre HP. Use of quantitative two-dimensional color tissue Doppler imaging for assessment of left ventricular radial and longitudinal myocardial velocities in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66: 953-961. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.953
  4. Chetboul V, Sampedrano CC, Gouni V, Nicolle AP, Pouchelon JL, Tissier R. Ultrasonographic assessment of regional radial and longitudinal systolic function in healthy awake dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2006; 20: 885-893. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01802.x
  5. Cote E, MacDonald KA, Meurs KM, Sleeper MM. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In: Feline Cardiology. Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. 2011: 239-443.
  6. Dagdelen S, Yuce M, Ergelen M, Pala S, Kyrma C. Quantitation of papillary muscle function with tissue and strain Doppler echocardiography measures papillary muscle contractile functions. Echocardiography 2003; 20: 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-8175.2003.03007.x
  7. Gerlis LM, Partridge JB, Fiddler GI, Williams G, Scott O. Two chambered left ventricle. Three new varieties. Br Heart J 1981; 46; 278-284. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.46.3.278
  8. Godley RW, Wann LS, Rogers EW, Feigenbaum H, Weyman AE. Incomplete mitral leaflet closure in patients with papillary muscle dysfunction. Circulation 1981; 63: 565-571. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.63.3.565
  9. Harpster NK, VanZwieten MJ, Bernstein M. Traumatic papillary muscle rupture in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974; 165: 1074-1079.
  10. Kaplan PM, Fox PR, Garvey MS, Liu SK, Burk RL. Acute mitral regurgitation with papillary muscle rupture in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987; 191: 1436-1438.
  11. Kaul S, Spotnitz WD, Glasheen WP, Touchstone DA. Mechanism of ischemic mitral regurgitation: An experimental evaluation. Circulation 1991; 84: 2167-2180. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.84.5.2167
  12. Kisanuki A, Otsuji Y, Kuroiwa R, Murayama T, Matsushita R, Shibata K, Yutsudo T, Nakao S, Nomoto K, Tomari T. Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of papillary muscle contractility in patients with prior myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 932-938. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(93)90350-A
  13. Kittleson MD. Congenital abnormalities of the atrioventricular valves. In: Small Animal Cardiovascular Medicine. St. Louis: Mosby. 1998: 273-281.
  14. Kittleson MD, Meurs KM, Munro MJ, Kittleson JA, Liu SK, Pion PD, Towbin JA. Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Maine coon cats: An animal model of human disease. Circulation 1999; 99: 3172-3180. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.24.3172
  15. Kobashi A, Suwa M, Ito T, Otake Y, Hirota Y, Kawamura K. Solitary papillary muscle hypertrophy as a possible form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Jpn Circ J 1998; 62: 811-816. https://doi.org/10.1253/jcj.62.811
  16. Kon MW, Grech ED, Ho SY, Bennett JG, Collins PD. Anomalous papillary muscle as a cause of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in an adult. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 63: 232-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(96)01085-5
  17. Kwon DH, Setser RM, Thamilarasan M, Popovic ZV, Smedira NG, Schoenhagen P, Garcia MJ, Lever HM, Desai MY. Abnormal papillary muscle morphology is independently associated with increased left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2008; 94: 1295-1301. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2007.118018
  18. Le Feuvre C, Metzger JP, Lachurie ML, Georges JL, Baubion N, Vacheron A. Treatment of severe mitral regurgitation caused by ischemic papillary muscle dysfunction: Indications for coronary angioplasty. Am Heart J 1992; 123: 860-865. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(92)90688-R
  19. Madu EC, D'Cruz IA. The vital role of papillary muscles in mitral and ventricular function: Echocardiographic insights. Clin Cardiol 1997; 20: 93-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960200203
  20. Madu EC, Baugh DS, D'Cruz IA, Johns C. Left ventricular papillary muscle morphology and function in left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular dysfunction. Med Sci Monit 2001; 7: 1212-1218.
  21. Matsuzaki M, Yonezawa F, Toma Y, Miura T, Katayama K, Fujii T, Kohtoku N, Otani N, Ono S, Tateno S. Experimental mitral regurgitation in ischemia-induced papillary muscle dysfunction. J Cardiol 1988; 18: 121-126.
  22. Messas E, Guerrero JL, Handschumacher MD, Chow CM, Sullivan S, Schwammenthal E, Levine RA. Paradoxic decrease in ischemic mitral regurgitation with papillary muscle dysfunction: Insights from three-dimensional and contrast echocardiography with strain rate measurement. Circulation 2001; 104: 1952-1957. https://doi.org/10.1161/hc4101.097112
  23. Nishimura RA, Schaff HV, Shub C, Gersh BJ, Edwards WD, Tajik AJ. Papillary muscle rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction: Analysis of 17 patients. Am J Cardiol 1983; 51: 373-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(83)80067-8
  24. Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Schaff HV. The case for an aggressive surgical approach to papillary muscle rupture following myocardial infarction: From paradise lost to paradise regained. Heart 2000; 83: 611-613. https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.83.6.611
  25. Poetter K, Jiang H, Hassanzadeh S, Master SR, Chang A, Dalakas MC, Rayment I, Sellers JR, Fananapazir L, Epstein ND. Mutations in either the essential or regulatory light chains of myosin are associated with a rare myopathy in human heart and skeletal muscle. Nat Genet 1996; 13: 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0596-63
  26. Tavakoli R, Weber A, Vogt P, Brunner HP, Pretre R, Turina M. Surgical management of acute mitral valve regurgitation due to post-infarction papillary muscle rupture. J Heart Valve Dis 2002; 11: 20-25.
  27. Uemura T, Otsuji Y, Nakashiki K, Yoshifuku S, Maki Y, Yu B, Mizukami N, Kuwahara E, Hamasaki S, Biro S, Kisanuki A, Minagoe S, Levine RA, Tei C. Papillary muscle dysfunction attenuates ischemic mitral regurgitation in patients with localized basal inferior left ventricular remodeling: insights from tissue Doppler strain imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 113-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.049