Figure 1. Continuum map at 1.3mm (after subtracting a free-free emission model, Liu et al. 2015). The intensity scale at the top is in units of Jy beam−1. The white contour line marks a continuum emission strength of 3 mJy beam−1. A1, A2, and A5 indicate the clumps containing the dust emission peaks number 1, 2, and 5 of G33.92+0.11A, respectively (Liu et al. 2012). The black cross denotes the position of the UC HII region.
Figure 2. Map of the integrated intensity of DCN 3 − 2. The intensity scale (in units of Jy beam−1 km s−1) is shown at the top. The white contour outlines the continuum emission shown in Figure 1. The black cross marks the position of the UC Hii region. A sample spectrum taken at the position of the emission peak (α, δ)J2000 = (18h52m50s.42, 00°55'26''.66) is shown in the inset in the top-right corner. Its abscissa shows vlsr (in km s−1) and its ordinate shows the ux density (in K).
Figure 3. Same as Figure 2 but for 13CN N = 2 − 1. The emission peak is located at (α, δ)J2000 = (18h52m50s.02, 00°55'28''.12).
Figure 4. Column density ratio of CN/HCN derived from 13CN and DCN intensities. The color bar at the top shows the range of abundance ratios. The white cross marks the position of the UC Hii region. The white contour is the 0.02 Jy beam−1 km s−1 strength of the CN N = 2 line emission in Figure 3.
Table 1 Line parameters for the spectra in Figures 2 and 3 and abundances
참고문헌
-
Bakker, E. J. & Lambert, D. L. 1998, The Circumstellar Shell of the Post-Asymptotic Giant Branch Star HD 56126: The
$^{12}CN/^{13}CN$ Isotope Ratio and Fractionation, ApJ, 508, 387 https://doi.org/10.1086/306403 - Fish, V. L., Reid, M. J., Wilner, D. J., & Churchwell, E. 2003, HI Absorption toward UC HII Regions: Distances and Galactic Structure, ApJ, 587, 701 https://doi.org/10.1086/368284
-
Flower, D. R. & Hily-Blant, P. 2015, Hyperfine Transitions of
$^{13}CN$ from Pre-protostellar Sources, MNRAS, 452, 19 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1322 - Fuente, A., Martin-Pintado, J., Cernicharo, J., & Bachiller, R. 1993, A Chemical Study of the Photodissociation Region NGC 7023, A&A, 276, 473
- Fuente, A., Rodriguez-Franco, A., & Martin-Pintado, J. 1996, Chemistry in the High Density Molecular Interface Surrounding the Orion Nebula, A&A, 312, 599
-
Fuente, A., Garsia-Burillo, S., Gerin, M., et al. 2005, Photon-Dominated Chemistry in the Nucleus of M82: Widespread
$HOC^+$ Emission in the Inner 650 Parsec Disk, ApJ, 619, L155 https://doi.org/10.1086/427990 -
Gerlich, D., Herbst, E., & Roueff, E. 2002,
$H^{+}_{3}+HD{\rightarrow}H_2D^{+}+H_2$ : Low-temperature Laboratory Measurements and Interstellar Implications, Planet. Space Sci., 50, 1275 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00094-6 - Gerner, T., Shirley, Y. L., Beuther, H., et al. 2015, Chemical Evolution in the Early Phases of Massive Star Formation II. Deuteration, A&A, 579, A80 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201423989
-
Ginard, D., Gonzalez-Garcia, M., Fuente, A., et al. 2012, Spectral Line Survey of the Ultracompact
$H_{II}$ Region Monoceros R2, A&A, 543, A27 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201118347 -
Huggins, P. J., Glassgold, A. E., & Morris, M. 1984, CN and
$C_2H$ in IRC +10216, ApJ, 279, 284 https://doi.org/10.1086/161889 - Irvine, W. M., Goldsmith, P. F., & Hjalmarson, A. 1987, Chemical Abundances in Molecular Clouds, in Interstellar Processes, ed. Hollenbach, D. J. & Thronson Jr., H. A. , Astrophys. Space Sci. Libr., 134, 561
- Jansen, D. J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Black, J. H., et al. 1995, Physical and Chemical Structure of the IC 63 Nebula II. Chemical Models, A&A, 302, 223
- Jorgensen, J. K., Schoier, & van Dishoeck, E. F. 2004, Imaging Chemical Differentiation around the Low-Mass Protostar L483-mm, ApJ, 416, 603
- Lafont, S., Lucas, R., & Omont, A. 1982, Molecular Abundances in IDC +10216, A&A, 106, 201
- Linsky, J. L., Brown, A., Gayley, K., et al. 1993, Goddard High-resolution Spectrograph Observations of the Local Interstellar Medium and the Deuterium/Hydrogen Ratio along the Line of Sight toward Capella, ApJ, 402, 694 https://doi.org/10.1086/172170
- Liu, H. B., Chen, H. V., Roman-Zuniga, C. G., et al. 2019, Investigating Fragmentation of Gas Structures in OB Cluster-forming Molecular Clump G33.92+0.11 with 1000 au Resolution Observations of ALMA, ApJ, 871, 185 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf6b4
- Liu, H. B., Galvan-Madrid, R., Jimenez-Serra, I., et al. 2015, ALMA Resolves the Spiraling Accretion Flow in the Luminous OB Cluster-forming Region G33.92+0.11, ApJ, 804, 37 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/37
- Liu, H. B., Jimenez-Serra, I., Ho, P. T. P., et al. 2012, Fragmentation and OB Star Formation in High-Mass Molecular Hub-Filament Systems, ApJ, 756, 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/756/1/10
-
Minh, Y. C., Kim, K.-T., Yan, C.-H., et al. 2014, Properties of the Molecular Clump and the Associated UC HII Region in the Gas Shell of the Expanding
$H_{II}$ Region Sh 2-104, JKAS, 47, 179 -
Minh, Y. C., Liu, H. B., & Galvan-Madrid, R. 2016, Chemical Diagnostics of the Massive Star Cluster-forming Cloud G33.92+0.11. I.
$^{13}CS,\;CH_3OH,\;CH_3CN,\;OCS,\;H_2S,\;SO_2,\;and\;SiO$ , ApJ, 824, 99 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/824/2/99 - Minh, Y. C., Liu, H. B., Galvan-Madrid, R., et al. 2018, Chemical Diagnostics of the Massive Star Cluster-forming Cloud G33.92+0.11. II. HDCS and DCN, ApJ, 864, 102 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad909
- Oberg, K. I., Qi, C., Fogel, J. K. J., et al. 2010, The Disk Imaging Survey of Chemistry with SMA. I. Taurus Protoplanetary Disk Data, ApJ, 720, 480 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/720/1/480
- Oliveira, C. M., Hebrard, G., Howk, J. C., et al. 2003, Interstellar Deuterium, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Abundances toward GD 246, WD 2331-475, HZ 21, and Lanning 23: Results from the FUSE Mission, ApJ, 587, 235 https://doi.org/10.1086/368019
-
Parise, B., Leurini, S., Schilke, P., et al. 2009, Deuterium Chemistry in the Orion Bar PDR. "Warm" Chemistry Starring
$CH_{2}D^{+}$ , A&A, 508, 737 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200912774 - Perez-Beaupuits, J. P., Aalto, S., & Gerebro, H., 2007, HNC, HCN and CN in Seyfert Galaxies, A&A, 476, 177 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20078479
- Reipurth, B. & Yan, C.-H. 2008, in ASP Conf. Ser. 402, Handbook of Star Forming Regions: Vol. I. The Northern Sky, ed. Reipurth, B. (San Francisco, CA: ASP), 869
- Ren, Z., Wu, Y., Zhu, M., et al. 2012, The Molecular Emissions and the Infall Motion in the High-mass Young Stellar Object G8.68-0.37, MNRAS, 422, 1098 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20683.x
-
Ritchey, A. M., Federman, S. R., & Lambert, D. L. 2018, Interstellar CN and
$CH^+$ in Diffuse Molecular Clouds:$^{12}C/^{13}C$ Ratios and CN Excitation, ApJ, 728, 36 -
Roberts, H., Fuller, G. A., Millar, T. J., et al. 2002, A Survey of [HDCO]/[
$H_2CO$ ] and [DCN]/[HCN] Ratios Towards Low-mass Protostellar Cores, A&A, 381, 1026 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20011596 - Rodgers, S. D. & Charnley, S. B. 2001, Chemical Differentiation in Regions of Massive Star Formation, ApJ, 546, 314
- Roueff, E., Loisin, J. C., & Hickson, K. M. 2015, Isotopic Fractionation of Carbon, Deuterium, and Nitrogen: A Full Chemical Study, A&A, 576, A99 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201425113
- Sternberg, A., & Dalgarno, A. 1995, Chemistry in Dense Photon-dominated Regions, ApJS, 99, 565 https://doi.org/10.1086/192198
- Thi, W.-F., van Zadelhoff, G.-J., & van Dishoeck, E. F. 2004, Organic Molecules in Protoplanetary Disks around T Tauri and Herbig Ae Stars, A&A, 425, 955 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200400026
- van Zadelhoff, G.-J., van Dishoeck, E. F., Thi, W. F., & Blake, G. A. 2001, Submillimeter Lines from Circumstellar Disks around Pre-main Sequence Stars, A&A, 377, 566 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20011137
- Wilson, T. L. & Rood, R. T. 1994, Abundances in the Interstellar Medium, ARAA, 32, 191 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.32.090194.001203
- Zinnecker, H. & Yorke, H. W. 2007, Toward Understanding Massive Star Formation, ARAA, 45, 481 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092549