Fig. 1. Sampling sites of lakes in Buk-han river basin.
Fig. 2. Concentrations and sediment quality guidelines of LOI, TOC, T-N and T-P.
Fig. 3. Org-Indices and pollution classes.
Fig. 4. Concentration and sediment quality guidelines of metals.
Fig. 5. (a) Loading plot and (b) score plot of two dominant principal components (Lakes identification: Cheongpyeong (1 ~ 3), Uiam (4 ~ 6), Chuncheon (7 ~ 9), Hwacheon (10 ~ 12), and Soyang (13 ~ 17)).
Table 1. Sediment quality guidelines for organic, nutrients, and metals
Table 2. The indices of organic (Org-index), geoaccumulation (Igeo), pollution load (PLI), and ecological risk (RI) classes in relation to sediment quality
Table 3. Summary of metal pollution assessment indices for sediment
Table 4. Correlation coefficients for organic matter, nutrients, and metals parameters (Spearman rho, n=17)
참고문헌
- Akomeah, E. and Lindenschmidt, K. E. (2017). Seasonal variation in sediment oxygen demand in a northern chained river-lake system, Water, 9, 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9040254
- Brich, G. F. and Apostolatos, C. (2013). Use of sedimentary metals to predict metal concentrations in black mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) tissue and risk to human health (Sydney Estuary, Australia), Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(8), 5481-5491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1538-8
- Burton, G. A. (2002). Sediment quality criteria in use around the world, Limnology, 3, 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s102010200008
- Butler, B. A. and Reisman, D. J. (2008). Preliminary results: release of metals from acid-mine drainage contaminated streambed sediments under anaerobic conditions, 25th Annual Meetings of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation and 10th Meeting of IALR 2008, American Society of Mining and Reclamation, USA, 206-222.
- Byun, J. H., Hwang, S. J., Kim, B. H., Park, J. R., Lee, J. K., and Lim, B. J. (2015). Relationship between a dense population of cyanobacteria and odorous compounds in the North Han river system in 2014 and 2015, Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment, 48(4), 263-271. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2015.48.4.263
- Choi, J. S. (2005). Fish fauna and community in cheongpyeong reservoir, Korean Journal of Limnology, 38(1), 63-72. [Korean Literature]
- D'Angleo, E. M. and Reddy, R. E. (1994). Diagenesis of organic matter in a wetland receiving hypereutrophic lake water: I. distribution of dissolved nutrients in the soil and water column, Journal of Environmental Quality, 23, 928-936. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300050013x
- Folk, R. L. (1954). The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature, Journal of Geology, 62, 344-359. https://doi.org/10.1086/626171
- Goher, M. E., Farhat, H. I., Abdo, M. H., and Salem, S. G. (2014). Metal pollution assessment in the surface sediment of lake Nasser, Egypt, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 40, 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2014.09.004
- Govers, L. L., Brouwer, J. H. F., Suykerbuyk, W., Bouma, T. J., Lamers, L. P. M., Smolers, A. J. P., and Katwijk, M. M. (2014). Toxic effects of increased sediment nutrient and orgnic matter loading on the seagrass zostera noltii, Aquatic Toxicoligy, 155, 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.07.005
- Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach, Water Research, 14, 975-1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
- Horowitz, A. J. (1991). A primer on sediment-trace element chemistry, Lewis publish, Chelsea, 1-136.
- Hwang, D. W., Jin, H. G., Kim, S. S., Kim, J. D., Park, J. S., and Kim, S. G. (2006). Distribution of organic matters and metallic elements in the surface sediments of Masan harbor, Korea, Journal of the Korean Fisheries Society, 39(2), 106-117. [Korean Literature]
- Jung, K. W., Yoon, C. G., Lee, I. H., Lee, S. I., Kang, S. M., and Han, J. H. (2014). Pollutants release from sediments in estuarine reservoir, Journal of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers, 56(1), 1-9. [Korean Literature] https://doi.org/10.5389/KSAE.2014.56.1.001
- Kim, Y., Lee, B., Park, J., Shin, W., Chung, S. W., Choi, S., and Jun, H. (2016). Characteristic of sediment and correlation analysis of pollutant material with application of water purification equipment in lake, Korean Society of Water and Technology, Journal of Water Treatment, 24(6), 127-135. [Korean Literature]
- Korea Resources corporation (KORES). (2018). Korea Mineral Resources Geographic Information System (KMRGIS), www.kmrgis.net (accessed Oct. 2018)
- Lee, J., Kim, S., Song, J., and Lee, T. (2010). Evaluation of organic compounds and heavy metals in sediments from the urban streams in the Busan city, Journal of the Korean Geo-Environmental Society, 11(1), 35-43. [Korean Literature]
- McDonald, J. H. (2014). Handbook of biological statistics 3rd, spearman rank correaltion, Sparky House Publishing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 210-213. www.biostathandbook.com/spearman
- Ministry of Environment (ME). (2015). Survey on the environment and ecosystem of lakes in the Han River system (VIII), 11-1480347-000075-10, Han-River Research Center, xxv. [Korean Literature]
- Ministry of Environment (ME). (2016). Standard methods for the examination of environmental pollution (water pollution), [Ministry of Environment notice 2016-65, Enforcement Date 1st April, 2016], www.law.go.kr [Korean Literature]
- Ministry of Environment (ME). (2018). Water Environment Information System (WEIS), water.nier.go.kr/WaterData/sedimentSearch.do (accessed Oct. 2018).
- Mucha, A. P., Vasconcelos, M. T. S. D., and Bordalo, A. A. (2003). Macrobenthic community in the douro estuary: Relations with trace metals and natural sediment characteristics, Environmental Pollution, 121(2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00229-4
- Muller, G. (1969). Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine river, Geojournal, 2, 108-118.
- National Institute of Environment Research (NIER). (2011). Baseline concentrations of heavy metals in river sediments in Korea, National Institute of Environment Research, 38. [Korean Literature]
- National Institute of Environment Research (NIER). (2015). Guidelines for Assessing Contaminated Sediment in Streams and Lakes, [National Institute of Environment Research notice 2015-687, Enforced Date 16th November, 2015], www.law.go.kr. [Korean Literature]
- Ontario (2018) Guidelines for Identifying, Assessing and Managing Contaminated Sediments in Ontario, www.ontario.ca (accessed Aug. 2018)
- Pacyna, E. G., Pacyna J. M., Steenhuisen, F., and Wilson, S. (2006). Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000, Atmosphere Environment, 40(22), 4048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.041
- Park, G. A., Kwon, H. J., and Kim, S. J. (2006). Analysis of geomorphological characteristics of Bukhan river basin based on hydrologic unit map, Korean Society of Civil Engineers, 26(3), 241-251. [Korean Literature]
- Phillips, D. P., Human, L. R. D., and Adams, J. B. (2015). Wetland plants as indicators of heavy metal contamination, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 92, 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.038
- Shin, H. J., Jeon, C. H., Choi, I. C., and Yeon, I. C. (2009). Estimation of beneficiary's willingness to pay in mid.downstream area to the water quality improvements in upper Bukhan river basin, Seoul Studies, 10(4), 91-106. [Korean Literature]
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (U. S. EPA.) (2001). Methods for collection, storage and manipulation of sediments for chemical and toxicological analyses: technical manual, United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-823-B-01-002.
- Wang, L., Xia, J., Yu, J., Yang, L., Zhan, C., Qiao, Y., and Lu, H. (2017). Spatial variation, pollution assessment and source identification of major nutrients in surface sediments of Nansi lake, China, Water, 9(444), 1-12.
- Xiao, J., Chang, Z., Fan, J. W., Zhou, L., Zhai, D., Wen, R., and Qin, X. (2012). The link between grain-grain size components and depositional processes in a modern clastic lake, Sedimentology, 59, 1050-1062. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2011.01294.x
- Xu, J., Chen, Y., Zheng, L., Liu, B., Liu, J., and Wang, X. (2018). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the sediment of the main tributaries of Dongting lake, China, Water, 10(1060), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020001
- Yang, C., Wu, Y., Zhang, F., Liu, L., and Pan, R. (2014). Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediments from a source water reservoir, Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability, 28(1-4), 133-141.
- Yang, Y., Oh, D., Kim, D., Lee, D., Kil, G., Cho, Y., Lee, H., Cheon, S., and Chae, M. (2018). Pollution assessment in surface sediment of weir constructed sections in Geum river, Journal of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis, 21(3), 125-138. [Korean Literature]